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1. Chen Yan’s birth and death dates

There are different opinions about the birth and death dates of Chen Yan. Changqing said in "Shanxi Chinese Medicine", Volume 7, Issue 4, 1991, "Biographies of Ancient Famous Doctors - Chen Yan": "Chen Yan, with the courtesy name Wuzhi, and the pseudonym Hexi Taoist, a native of Hexi in Qingtian (now Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province) in the Song Dynasty, was born in about the third year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1121) and died in the first year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1190), at the age of about 69. "

According to the Changqing family, Chen Yan roughly experienced the Northern Song Dynasty: Huizong (Zhao Ji) Xuanhe, Qinzong (Zhao Huan) Jingkang; the Southern Song Dynasty: Gaozong (Zhao Gou) Jianyan, Shaoxing, Xiaozong (Zhao Zong) ?) The long years of the five emperors and eight dynasties of Longxing, Qiandao, Chunxi, Guangzong (Zhao Dun) and Shaoxi. Liu Shijue's book "Research on the Yongjia Medical School" believes that "Chen Yan... lived around the Shaoxing and Chunxi years (1131~1189)." This theory originated from Comrade Jia Dedao's "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine".

Although the above two theories are not the same, they are not far apart either. It is generally believed that the Chen family lived at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, and mainly during the Southern Song Dynasty.

2. Chen Yan’s birthplace

Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Preface" is signed "Qingtian Hexi Chen Yan Wuze". Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, belongs to Kuocang County in the Sui Dynasty. It was established in the early Jingyun period of the Tang Dynasty (AD 710). It was named after Qingtian Mountain in the past dynasties. Because it used to belong to Kuocang, some people also call it Kuocang Chen Yan. For example, Chen Zhensun's "delivery and feeding of infant Baoqing Collection Volume 1" in "Zhizhai Shulu Jiejie" said: "Recently, Kuocang Chen Yan has tried to comment on the gains and losses of Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun. "The title of the same book "Three Causes of Extremes and Six Volumes of One Side" also says: "Kuo Cang and Chen Yan Wu Ze wrote. The three causes are internal causes, external causes, and no internal causes. They say Jingui Yaolue, The prescriptions described are often from ancient books."

To sum up, there is no doubt that Chen Yan’s native place is Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province. However, recently, scholar Liu Shijue made a detailed study of the word "Hexi" in his "Research on the Yongjia Medical School" and came to a different conclusion. It has also become a new theory and recorded for reference. The article says: "There seems to be no doubt that Chen's origin is Qingtian. According to Chuzhou Prefecture Chronicles, Qingtian County Chronicles, Jingji Visiting Ancient Chronicles and Chinese Medicine Dictionary, etc., There are clear records that its origin comes from the preface of Chen's Sanyin Fang, signed "Qingtian Hexi Chen Yan Wuze". However, because of this signature, it is concluded that Chen's origin is in the present-day Zhejiang Province. Ning County is not Qingtian.

Hexi, also known as Muhexi, is recorded in "Jingning County Chronicle" and "Qingtian County Chronicle": "It is said that Muhe, the uncle of Fuqiu, was here, so it was named the creek." Fuqiu Bo, said to be a native of the Huangdi period, "wrote the "Xianghe Sutra", there is a saying that the cranes in Qingtian are carried astride and followed by themselves, because they hide on the bank of the Crane River and build a platform for fishing." Places named after streams include Muhe Township and Hexi Town. It is located more than 500 miles southwest of Qingtian County, which belonged to Qingtian County in the Song Dynasty. In the third year of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (1452), Sun Yuanzhen, Minister of the Ministry of War, visited Zhejiang. Because the valley was dangerous and difficult to manage, he analyzed Rouyuan Township and Muhe Township in Qingtian County and established Jingning County. The county seat is Hexi Town...

Today's Qingtian County is also named after cranes. There is Qingtian Mountain in the north of the city. Legend has it that "there are two white cranes that give birth to children every year and fly away when they grow up, so it is also called Taihe Mountain." The Taoist book says that there are thirty-six caves in the sky. It is also called "Yuanhe Cave Heaven, which goes back forty miles in a circle." The town named after it was called Crane Town. Therefore, both Hexi and Hecheng are named after cranes, but this crane is actually not the other crane. Chen Wu-zhai, a famous doctor in the Song Dynasty, must have been a native of Hexi, which is now Hexi Town, Jingning She Autonomous County, Zhejiang Province. 》

Although Liu's research is detailed, the premise of his research is that "Hexi" is recognized as a place name. However, there are also documents recording that Chen used "Hexi" as his name, and wrote both the character and the name at the same time when inscribing the book's preface. In ancient times, It doesn't seem weird. From this point of view, it is said that Chen Yan's place of origin is Jingning County, Zhejiang Province today, which requires further research. Of course, Mr. Liu Shijue said: "Chen has lived in Wenzhou for a long time, engaged in medical theoretical research and clinical work, and also accepted and taught apprentices and carried out medical education." It is still credible, because at the same time, Chen Wu-zhai's friends and students ──Lu Zu of Yongjia often called him "the good doctor of my hometown", and Jiang Zhun of Yongjia in the Ming Dynasty also called him "Chen Yan of Yongjia without choice". The ancient Yongjia is now Wenzhou, Zhejiang.

3. Writings of Chen Yan

(1) The book is recognized to be written by Chen

1. "Yiyuan Zhizhi" (six volumes) It was written in Xinsi, the thirty-first year of Shaoxing (1161), and its Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Preface says: "Yu Shaoxing Xinsi compiled six volumes of prescriptions for Ye's cousin Jue Bocai, before The syndrome of yin-yang abnormal pulse is described, followed by the explanation of the cause, and the annotation Maijing. It is divided into eighty-one categories and several ways, titled "Yiyuan Zhizhi" by Bo Cai in Xingchao. I wanted to entrust the nobles to publish the book, but it was completed not long after I came to this world." In addition, "Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Jianzhu Epidemic Syndrome and Treatment" also said: "I wrote "Zhizhi" in the year of Xinsi. "Zhizhi" is the abbreviation of "Yiyuan Zhizhi".

2. Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun (also known as Sanyin Jiyi Bingyuan Luncui) eighteen volumes It was written between Guisi (1173), the ninth year of Qiandao, and Jiawu (1174), the first year of Chunxi, which is already 12 years after "Yiyuan Zhizhi" was written. Chen Yan Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun said in "Yu Jian Zhu Epidemic Syndrome and Treatment": "I... wrote this book again in Guisi." The so-called "this book" refers to Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun Or Sanyin Jiyi Bingyuan Luncui, because Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Preface clearly states: "Chunxi Jiawu reunited with his friends Tang Zhi Deyuan and Qing Defu , when it comes to the key points of medical treatment, there are no three causes. The first step in identifying the cause is the pulse. Renying (ST9) is an external cause, and wrist pulse is an internal cause. There are no internal or external causes, so the disease has no remaining causes. Compiled and applied various prescriptions, divided into 180 categories, and obtained more than 1,500 prescriptions, titled "Sanyin Jiyi Bingyuan Luncui" "National Chinese Medicine Union Catalog" 02959 for this book. It is documented and available in 22 editions.

3. "Song Chen Wu-zhai Three Causes and Celestial Control Prescriptions", two volumes with illustrations and one volume

This book is recorded in No. 03125 of the "National Joint Catalog of Chinese Medicine Books", signed as written by Chen Yan (Wu Ze) of the Song Dynasty and interpreted by Miao Wen (Fang Yuan) of the Qing Dynasty. "Lianmu" provides 4 versions, the earliest one was engraved by Ding Si (1797) in the second year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty.

(2), possibly a book written by Chen

As for other books suspected to be written by Chen, due to uncertain signatures, there is no conclusion yet, so only their bibliographies are included for reference. Such works include: "Compilation of materia medica", "Jiyin Juyao", "Haifangfang", etc.

1. "Compilation of materia medica" According to page 309 of "Chinese Medicine Character Dictionary" edited by Mr. Li Jingwei: "(Chen Yan) advocates using the four characters "name, body, nature, and use" to read Maijing and read "The Origin of Disease". "Public prescription evidence, section materia medica". The "Compiled Materia Medica" written by Qian Daozhong (1165~1173) explains medicines in this four-character summary. The author's name is not specified in the book, and only the preface by Hexi Taoist is available. According to the remaining provisions. The content and other speculations may have been written by Chen Yan.” Mr. Zheng Jinsheng also believes that this book was written by Chen Yan. In the preface he wrote for Mr. Liu Shijue's "Research on the Yongjia Medical School", he said: "When people praise Li Shi-zhen Bencao Gangmu for describing medicine into eight During the Xiang Dynasty, few people knew that Chen Yan was the one who advocated the "divided description of medicines" and directly used this method in "Compilation of materia medica".

2. "Ji Yin Ju Yao" Japan Tanba Genyin's "Chinese Medical Records Examination" (People's Medical Publishing House, 1956 edition), page 983, indicates that Chen He-xi's "Jiyin Juyao" was recorded in the "Medical Collection Catalog", and the number of volumes is missing. It is also recorded on page 3862 of the third volume of Yan Shiyun's "Tongkao of Chinese Medical Books", but no in-depth examination is conducted. Because Chen Yan also has the title of "Hexi Taoist", I picked it out and recorded it for reference. According to the "Medical Tibetan Catalog" written by Yin Zhongchun of the Ming Dynasty. Volume 7 of "Jiaxing County Chronicles: Hermitage" says: Yin Zhongchun, whose courtesy name was Donggao. He lives in seclusion in the south of the city, in a thatched hut with tiled walls and no shelter from the rain. He sings and sells medicine, which is a very dull life. I like to buy old and incomplete books and repair them for examination. He has always been a lonely person, and he always avoids those who stand out.

3. "Above the Sea" On page 991 of Guo Aichun's "An Examination of Chinese Provincial Medical Records" (Volume 1), "Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun Eighteen Volumes" is immediately followed by ""Shanghai Shang" Song Dynasty Chen Yan. See Jiaqing 40th "Zhejiang General Chronicles" Volume 55 "Art and Literature Chronicles". The above description suggests that "Over the Sea" may also be written by Chen Wu-zhai.

4. Chen Yan’s academic thoughts, methods and academic achievements

(1). Chen Yan’s academic thoughts and methods

Chen Yan's medical method can be summarized in one sentence - treating medicine with Confucianism, which is most vividly reflected in his Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧The Practice of Imperial Physicians". He said: "The country appoints civil and military doctors as officials and builds facilities to support the people. There is no one who does not learn from the ancients. The ways of learning the ancients are different but the same. To be a Confucian, you must read the Five Classics and Three Histories, as well as hundreds of schools of thought. He is called a scholar. The classics of doctors...historical books...all the schools of thought...etc." are all based on the methods of Confucianism. Of course, the emphasis on returning from Bo to Jiao is his consistent proposition and characteristic, which is related to the background of the times at that time. According to Jia Dedao's "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine": "Medical medicine in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties was characterized by the large number of "prescription books". By the Tang Dynasty's Qianjin Fang and Waitai Miyao, it can be said that this trend has continued to develop in the Northern Song Dynasty. Taiping Shenghui Fang has received 16,834 songs, and Shengji Zonglu has more than 20,000 songs... This situation not only makes the patients unable to choose, but also the professional doctors. There is often a sense of being at a loss. What's more important is that the theoretical connection between disease and treatment has been lost, making treatment a means of trying prescriptions. This is a very undesirable result of the unlimited development of prescriptions... especially in the Song Dynasty. There are many doctors who want to correct this tendency in practice and develop the rambling formula into a systematic and simple one. For example, Chen Yan's Sanyin Fang attempts to classify various diseases into three causes. And then treat according to the cause... I want to systematize the theory and incorporate the treatment method into a rational approach, so as to achieve the purpose of simplicity." (See "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine" P142) Zhu Zhen-heng of the Yuan Dynasty commented on Chen Yan in "Ge Zhi Yu Lun Xiang Huo Lun" (Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, September 1956, 1st edition, page 106) with the word "tongmin", and the article said: "With Chen Wu -Zhai's sensitivity is warm and hot (note, "Chi" is regarded as "consciousness".) Regarding Junhuo, the fire used in daily life is similar to fire, but it does not reach deep, so it is suitable for people who come after him to be deaf and blind. , sad husband! "There is a certain reason, which is mainly based on his profound knowledge.

1. Broadcom Group

(1), Overview of Medical Books

We can get a glimpse of Chen Wu-zhai's extensive coverage of medical books from the discussion in Volume 2 of Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun, "The Practice of Imperial Physicians." The article says: "A Confucian must read the Five Classics and Three Classics. History, scholars, and hundreds of schools of thought are called scholars. The classics of doctors are Suwen and Lingshu; history books are called materia medica; Zhuzi is Nan Jing, "Jiayi", Taisu, "Zhongzang" are also; Baijia, "Ghost Yi", "Nagarjuna", "Golden Arrow Thorn Yao", " This is also true of "Tongren", "Nose", "Youyou Xinshu", "Obstetrics Baoqing", etc. Confucians do not read the Five Classics, how can they understand morality, life, benevolence, justice, etiquette and music; doctors do not read "Ling" and "Su". ”, how can Confucians know the fortunes of Yin-yang and transform political orders with virtue? If Confucians do not read the histories, how can they know whether talents are good or not, and how can doctors know their virtues and tastes, and how can they maintain health and prolong life if they do not read the Materia Medica? , How can one know that he upholds the orthodox Wei religion and has poor knowledge? If a doctor does not read "Difficulties" and "Su", how can he know the ingenuity of divine craftsmanship and wonderful principles? "Miscellaneous Medicine, how to know that empty pulse points and bones cause strange diseases and syndromes" This is only a brief introduction, and the medical books cited in his book include: "Taiping Shenghui", "Chengxian Jixiao", "Shen Gong Wan Quan", "Shen Gong Wan Quan". "Prescription", "Must-use for Health Preservation", "Prescription for Prolonging Life", "Jing Xin Lu", Xu Zhi-cai's "Prescription for nourishing the fetus and damaging the fetus month by month", "Yuanhe Ji Yong Jing"... and many more.

(2), reading other books

It can be seen from the above that Chen Yan is actually a scholar who is knowledgeable in both Confucianism and medicine, so his reading scope is definitely not limited to doctors, which is also reflected in his works. Here are a few examples:

Su Che's "Longchuan Brief Records" (ten volumes): Su Che (1039-1112), named Ziyou, named himself Yingbin Yilao in his later years, was a native of Meishan, Sichuan, and a famous politician and writer in the Song Dynasty. "Longchuan Brief Records" was written when he lived in seclusion in Longchuan, Xunzhou in his later years. It mainly recalls the historical content of various political activities he participated in throughout his life, but it also involves some aspects of medicine and health care that Su Che himself heard and experienced personally. The anecdotes of the past. Therefore, the data source is considered reliable.

The full text of Volume 2 of "Longchuan Brief Chronicles" "Triple Energizer on Medical Skills" is as follows: "There is a hermit in Pengshan who knows ancient medical skills. They are different from those used by doctors in the world, and no one knows about them. Shan Xiang followed them and learned them. After mastering his skills, he became known as a doctor in the world. During Zhiping, I met Xiang in Guangdu and discussed the similarities and differences between ancient and modern techniques. There are some fallacies in what he said, but he has not noticed it. Now he wants to tell others, but who will believe it? Ancient saying: The left kidney is the bladder; the right kidney, Mingmen (GV4), is the triple energizer, and the husband stores semen. Women are related to the body. Triple energizer should be like a blade, which is visible. However, Wang Shu-he said that the triple energizer has internal organs and is invisible. Isn’t that a big mistake! If it is invisible, how can it be hidden? And why is it called triple energizer? There are differences in the distribution of triple energizer in the human body. If the human heart is quiet and can't think of anything, it is essential. Scattered in the triple energizer, the glorious skeleton, together with his desires, the heart is burning, and he pinches the triple energizer essential qi, enters the house of Mingmen (GV4), and writes it away, so this house is called triple energizer Shicheng Shuhe'er. If you don't realize it, you may be a long-term sigher. 』I have a very different theory. He had a lot of thoughts in treating diseases. I gave Tao Xiang's words, and Dunxi said: "We were all experiencing a great hunger, and the beggars cut each other off and ate them. There was a man whose skin and flesh were all gone, but his bones and veins were all intact. He wanted to study medicine." Among the five zang-organs, there is a fat membrane as big as a hand under the right kidney, which is opposite to the bladder. The Erbai (EX-UE2) pulse comes out of it, and the Jiaji (EX-B2) pulse goes up to the brain, which means it is conduction. Exercise experts call Jiaji (EX-B2) a double quencher, but those who don't realize that fat membranes are as big as hands are called triple energizers. Shanjun's words are consistent with what he sees, and they can correct the mistakes of the ancients. That’s it! 』」

Looking again at Chen Yan Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun Volume 8 "Triple energizer 译典正" The text is as follows: "The ancients called the left kidney a kidney and its viscera bladder; the right kidney is a Mingmen (GV4) , its triple energizer. The triple energizer has a fat membrane as big as a hand, opposite to the bladder, with the Erbai (EX-UE2) pulse coming out of it and the Jiaji (EX-B2) vein running up to the brain. It says: The husband stores semen, and the woman is the kin. According to the reasoning, triple energizer should be said as above, and it can be seen in form. Bian Que said: triple energizer has an invisible position, which means upper and middle burns, such as retting and so on. Fog, lower energizer as drainer, cannot be seen everywhere, so it is said that it is invisible. However, Wang Shu-he's generation has lost its purpose. If the call is invisible, why should it be called a triple energizer? The upper jiao is in Tanzhong (CV17), and the middle jiao i> In Zhongwan (CV12), it corresponds to the spleen; the lower jiao is below the navel, that is, the motive qi between kidneys, distributed in the human body, and has the distinction of upper, middle and lower. If there is no excitement, the essential qi will disperse in the triple energizer and flourish in the hundreds of meridians; together with thoughts, the desire will be blazing, and the triple energizer essential qi will overflow and go away with Mingmen (GV4) diarrhea, so this organ is called triple energizer ear. If a scholar is not enlightened, he will always be sighing."

Comparing the two, it is easy to draw the conclusion that the factual part of what Chen Yan said is undoubtedly derived from the "Longchuan Chronicle", but it is only slightly adjusted in the order of words and the details of medical theory. The former's explanation of the reasons is vivid and intuitive, while the latter's medical explanations are clear-cut.

"Stone Forest Summer Retreat" (Volume 2): Chen Yan Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun This book is quoted in the prescription theory of "Shengsanzi Prescription" in Volume 6. The article says: "See "Stone Forest" "Shilin Summer Retreat" also refers to the "Summer Retreat" written by Ye Mengde (1077-1148) of the Song Dynasty, whose courtesy name was Shaoyun and whose name was Shilin. Words" book. In addition, the book also mentions non-medical books such as "Guang Five Elements Notes", "Liu Gen Biography", "Qian Pu", "Tao Zang", and "Nei Dian".

(3), communication between mentors and friends

Books are of course important, but communication and discussion with scholars, teachers and friends who have mastered knowledge is a more direct and essential condition for academic progress. This is also an end of the spectrum of Botong schools. Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Preface" mentioned that "Chunxi Jiawu Fu and his friends Tang Zhi Deyuan and Qing Defu discussed the three causes of medical treatment, and the beginning of identifying the cause was no more than the pulse. "Maijing" said: "One point before the pass, the master of human life. The left is Renying (ST9), the right is wrist pulse" and so on. Presumably Tang Zhi (also known as Deyuan) and Tang Qing (also known as Defu) were both familiar with medicine and antidote, so they could listen carefully to Chen's famous saying: "The key to medical treatment is to have three causes, and the beginning of identifying the cause is no more than the pulse." thesis. This is Chen's own account. Then I learned from Lu Zu Chang's "Yi Jian Fang Jie Mao" that "Mr. Chen Wu-zhai, a good doctor in my hometown, had some enlightenment and said... Foolish (note, referring to Lu) young infants have different diseases. Because of encounters, they are addicted to "When it comes to medicine, Mr. Chen (according to Chen) will discuss it with each other every time we meet..." This is the account of someone who discussed with him. I believe that this kind of informal but beneficial academic exchange was not uncommon at that time.

2. About three reasons

Dr. Chen is a doctor who has both practice and theory. General knowledge and encyclopedia are not the purpose. He is a doctor who truly practices "to see thousands with broad scope and to keep one with one". He said in Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧The Practice of Imperial Physicians": "If the scholar has a clear overview, he will be knowledgeable. If he fails to break the contract, how can he adapt to it? What I will describe now is to tidy things up. "The meridian sinew is also the way of anti-convention." This is what he said and what he did. It can be said that Chen Yan Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun's theoretical starting point and ending point are both. The word "three causes" means that "the key to medical treatment is three causes." As for the details of his academic characteristics and how he flexibly applied the concept of "three causes" to various diseases, they will be discussed specifically in his academic discussions. This is only a summary.

(1), inherited and developed the etiological theories of Huangdi Neijing, Shanghan Zabing Lun, etc., and founded the "Three Causes Theory": For details, please see the chapter "Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun's academic achievements and theoretical contributions".

(2) In practice, the compilation method of "Bureau Prescriptions", which is based on extensive knowledge and returns to conventions and is close to practicality, has been inherited and developed: Mr. Fan Xingzhun said in "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine": "Chen Yan Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun actually used the theory of "Ju Fang" in the name of "Three Causes" of "Golden Chamber"." In fact. , Chen Yan not only used the knowledge of "Prescription" in selecting prescriptions and medicines, but more importantly, he inherited and developed the idea of ​​​​"Prescription" in the rationale of prescriptions. Being close to practicality is an inevitable requirement in the background of the great development and enrichment of Chinese medicine prescription books in the Song Dynasty. The books written by Chen Yan and his disciples have adapted to the needs of the development of the times.

(3) What is particularly outstanding is that he created the etiology syndrome differentiation method based on the ancient syndrome and treatment of human pulse disease: Chen Yan said in Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun ‧Five Subjects and Rules": "Everyone who studies medicine must know the five subjects and seven things. The five subjects include pulse, disease, syndrome, treatment, and their causes. The causes of the seven things are divided into three. Therefore, the disease can be identified based on the pulse, the syndrome can be differentiated based on the disease, and the treatment can be completed according to the syndrome. Therefore, the "Jing" says: There is a pulse but no diagnosis. , No. Investigate the three causes, do not overuse the internal and external, and refer to the same pulse syndrome to achieve perfection." He emphasized the three causes on the basis of the ancients' emphasis on pulse, disease, syndrome, and treatment, making it one of the five disciplines of medicine. The third thing. How did he practice, create or purchase such a three-cause syndrome differentiation system based on pulse disease syndrome and treatment?

Mr. Jia Dedao has a rough analysis of this: "In practice, he also tried to classify various diseases according to three causes. As shown in the layout of this book, in addition to the pulse in the first volume, the second volume The seventh volume is for external diseases, including apoplexy, cold in the middle, summerheat stroke, dampness stroke, impediment diseases, athlete's foot, common cold, disease caused by cold, dampness damage, five circuits six diseases and pestilence, malaria, hernia, Juebing, convulsive disease, tetanus, etc.; the eighth volume is internal disease, including five zang-organs six fu-organs, deficiency and excess Hanre syndrome and treatment, and cold, abdominal mass , five labors and six extremes, qi disease, dysphagia, etc., their classification is not very obvious from the eighth volume onwards, and some diseases such as epistaxis, nine pains, cholera, cough, lumpago, etc. are themselves divided into three causes. Obviously, Chen encountered difficulties here. If we only look at it from a general perspective, all diseases are inseparable from three causes, which is still barely possible, but all diseases must be classified into three causes. It is even more unfeasible to classify, because the occurrence of all diseases is related to internal and external causes and can never be attributed to internal or external causes in isolation. What's more, the internal causes he mentioned are still inseparable from external causes. Because all emotional changes are caused by external social conditions." (See "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine" p179)

(2), Chen Yan’s academic achievements and historical status

For a detailed discussion of Chen Yan’s academic achievements, see the special chapter. Here, I hope to examine Chen Yan and his books from a more macro perspective. From a macro historical perspective, we have to admit that Chen Yan's Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun is not a large collection of Fangshu, but what is intriguing is that Chen Yan not only gave this The book is titled "Three Causes and One", which is a very comprehensive title, and the title of the book is firmly based on the word "Fang Lun", rather than the five disciplines of pulse disease syndrome treatment that he always emphasizes. Seven things like that. I have to say that this is also a manifestation of the so-called "Chongfang Thought". The idea of ​​doctors attaching great importance to prescriptions and medicines runs through ancient and modern times. In a nutshell: "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" already has the category of "classical formula", and Zhang Zhong-jing is a typical classical formula school; Sui Shu-Jingjizhi There are 2600 volumes of Sihai Leiju Fang, which will account for most of the total medical volumes of this chronicle; the work of Sun Si-miao of Tang Dynasty is clearly titled Qianjin Yaofang I>, Qianjin Yifang; Song Dynasty Taiping Shenghui Fang; Ming Dynasty Puji Fang are all magnificent works. Mr. Li Maoru, the late famous Chinese medicine bibliographer in Shanxi, once said: "Chongfang thought was also particularly well-founded in the Qing Dynasty. China has Wang Zi-jie's Jiangxueyuan Gufang Xuanzhu and "Disease caused by cold" "Gu Fang Tong", Japan has Dongdong's "Fang Ji", "Fang Ji", etc. "In fact, the continuous emergence of large Fang books is the embodiment of "Chongfang Thought", which focuses on Yubo's anti-contract and attempts. Using a more unified and standardized theory to guide all parties should also be regarded as an inevitable requirement and reasonable manifestation of the "emphasis on party thinking".

Of course, the theoretical system chosen by Chen Yan to govern all parties is a practical theoretical system that starts from the cause of the disease and is based on an overall grasp and understanding of the disease syndrome. Its Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun is the embodiment and result of this attempt, rather than a simple list of selected clinically effective methods. From this perspective, consider Chen Wu-zhai Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun is far superior to his student Wang Shuozhi's "Yi Jian Prescription". In other words, Chen Yan realized the review and elimination of various aspects through theoretical thinking and grasp of the regularity of disease syndromes. Therefore, on the surface, Chen Yan's most exciting discussion lies in his classification and discussion of the etiology of diseases in various disciplines, but his deeper or ultimate purpose is to point out a way to correctly apply various methods. Chen Wu-zhai uses his three-factor theory to guide practice and uses his chosen formula to verify the theory. To this day, although Chen's chosen prescriptions are not all formulas commonly used by most clinicians, his philosophy of striving to understand and grasp the modalities used from a theoretical perspective is a goal recognized and pursued by most clinicians. This is Perhaps this is the value and soul of his book.

Of course, in order to unify disease and syndrome prescriptions, we must spend a lot of time exploring and practicing from a vast number of ancient medical books and ancient prescription books. This process is arduous. He said: "As for the Song Dynasty, the cultural relics are the most prosperous and it is difficult to summarize... This dynasty's "Taiping Shenghui", "Chengxian Jixiao" and "Shen Gong Wan Quan" can be found in "Chongwen", Mingyi Bielu It’s just a lot of work! Let the scholar know everything at a glance, and if he fails to break the contract, how can he adapt to it? This is to collect the meridian sinew, which is also the way to break the contract.

When possible, Chen Yan also pays attention to tracing the source of the selected recipe from a philological perspective, such as Toxin- in Volume 6 of Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun After the Vanquishing Powder decoction method, he said: "When the Yu family first studied its recipe, it was found in the "Tao Zang" that it said: If there is no outstanding person, if the will and spirit are aligned, no one would dare to do it." This is the way to explore the recipe. source; and after the decoction method of Angelica and Peony Powder in Volume 17, he added: "Yuanheji Yongjing" says: This six qi Jingwei pill can dispel wind, replenish labor, nourish true yang, and ward off evil spirits. It relieves heat, soothes the mind, and moisturizes the complexion. It dispels evil cold, warm miasma, and seasonal epidemic. Mr. Anqi gave Li Shaojun a long-lasting medicine, and later Zhongjing used Peony Root as the prescription for pregnant women. Four taels, one tael each of Alisma, Poria, Sichuan Lovage Rhizome, two taels of Chinese Angelica, White Atractylodes Rhizome, or honey can be taken as pills." This is also the meaning, although the inheritance lineage of Angelica and Peony Powder he pointed out has yet to be determined. Further confirmation. But being able to notice the changes in the spread of formula is also an aspect of formula that people pay attention to. Following Chen Yan's train of thought, we can do a simple research on the "Seven Qi Decoction" involved in Book 8. From the novelty of party selection comparison, it is not difficult to see that Chen attaches great importance and prudence to the party he chooses.

Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun Volume 8 "Seven Qi Syndrome and Treatment" includes Seven Qi Decoction and Major Seven Qi Decoction. The text is as follows:

"Seven Qi Decoction, treat zang-fu organ where the spirit is not in the right position, causing joy, anger, worry, thoughts, sorrow, fear, fright, dissatisfaction and depression, and then salivation and accumulation. It is firm and firm, like a lump, with colicky pain in the heart and belly, unable to eat or drink, and sometimes it stops, and when it happens, it makes you want to die. Wash Pineilia soup to remove slipperiness, 5 ounces Ginseng Cassia Central Bark Liquorice Root and roast, 1 ounce each Chop it right into powder, take four qian each time, half a cup of water, seven slices of ginger, one jujube, fry for seven minutes, remove the water, and take it before eating.
Major Seven Qi Decoction, cures irregular mood and anger, mixed worries and thoughts, excessive sorrow and fear, or frequent fright, causing uneven internal organs, aversion to cold fever, abdominal distension and fullness of the heart, rushing to both sides, and congesting the throat. It's like burning urchin, spitting it out and being unable to swallow it, all caused by the seven qi. Pineilia soup washed seven times, 5 ounces White Poria 4 ounces Magnolia Bark Stir-fried with ginger, 3 ounces Perilla Leaf 2 ounces Chop the right powder into powder, take four qian each time, half a cup of water, seven slices of ginger, fry for seven minutes, remove the phlegm, and take it before eating. 》

Among them, the Major Seven Qi Decoction is actually the Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction of Zhang Zhong-jing Jingui Yaolue ‧Woman Zabing Pulse and Syndrome Treatment No. 22, Jingui Yaolue’s original text is as follows: "If a woman has burning sensation in her throat, Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction is the remedy. Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction: Pineilia 1 liter Magnolia Bark 3 liang Poria 4 liang Fresh Ginger Rhizome 5 liang dried cultivated purple perilla leaf 2 liang Right Wuwei, boil four liters of seven liters of water, divide the temperature into four servings, and take one serving three days and nights. "

Comrades Zhao Huaizhou and Jia Ying once pointed out in the article "Preliminary Examination of Zhong Jing's "Ginseng Soup"" (see pages 46~47 of "Shanxi Chinese Medicine", Issue 5, 1998), Shanghan Lun There is a hidden "Ginseng Soup" in it. Its medicinal composition and possible decoction method are as follows:

"Ginseng three ounces Cinnamon Twig three ounces Pineilia half a liter (washed) Dried Ginger three ounces Chinese Date twelve pieces (broiled) Liquorice Root two ounces (broiled) For the six flavors on the right, put it in the mouth, boil three liters of it with seven liters of water, drain it, and take it warm, one liter, three times a day. "

This recipe has basically the same composition as Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun's "Seven Qi Decoction". Considering that the names of most formulas in Zhang Zhong-jing are lists of all or part of the names of the drugs that make up the formulas, we have reason to believe that: not only the names recorded in the book Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun "Major Seven Qi Decoction" is from Zhongjing's side, and the "Seven Qi Decoction" that coincides with it may also be from Zhongjing's side, but when these two sides are selected into Shanghan Zabing Lun, The names have all changed. "Seven Qi Decoction" was renamed "Ginseng Soup"; "Major Seven Qi Decoction" was renamed "Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction".

If the above research is correct and Chen Yan can combine the two parties related to Zhongjing without seeing the relevant literature of Zhongjing's "Seven Qi Decoction", which is Zhongjing's "Ginseng Soup" - ─ Pinellia and Magnolia Bark Decoction and Ginseng Tonga are quite difficult to compare. Because he actually confirmed the homology between the two parties theoretically. His student Wang Shuo mentioned this matter in "Yi Jian Fang‧ Four Seven Decoction": "(Four Seven Decoction) One Magnolia Bark Pineilia Tang (Zhong Jing's official name), one Major Seven Qi Decoction (Chen Yan Prescription), "Prescription" has Seven Qi Decoction, use five liang of Pineilia, one liang each of Ginseng, Guangui, Liquorice Root, white decocted with water. "Although the drug composition is similar to Zhongjing Yi's Ginseng Decoction. "Seven Qi Decoction" in "The Bureau" is compared with "Major Seven Qi Decoction" or "Four Seven Decoction", but does not mention the master's Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun. I don't know why? From the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Jie-bin Jingyue Quanshu ‧eight tactical arrays ‧Hezhen" Volume 54, the 47th side is "Seven Qi Decoction", the 48th side is "Three Causes Seven Qi" Decoction", also refers to the "Three Causes", one is to avoid it.

In short, we believe that Chen Yan and his Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun are not only the founders of Chinese medicine etiology and Chinese medicine etiology syndrome differentiation methods, but also the "Chongfang Thought" academic medical center. A strange flower.

5. Disciples of Chen Yan

According to Mr. Jia Dedao's "A Brief History of Chinese Medicine": "Wang Shuo, courtesy name Defu, was born in Yongjia. It is said that he was a student of Chen Yan. He once served as a minor official as "Chengjie Lang and Supervisor of the Liquor Taxation of Fuyang County, Lin'an Prefecture" His works include one volume of "Yi Jian Prescriptions"... After the publication of this book, it had a great influence. According to Liu Chenweng: "From "Yi Jian Prescriptions" to "Three Causes" and "One Hundred and One Formulas", "Yi Jian Prescriptions" was published. ", all internal prescriptions were abolished, and "Ju Fang" was also abolished." Later, Sun Zhi's "Additional Review of Yi Jian Prescriptions", Lu Zuchang's "Continuation of Yi Jian Prescriptions", and Shi Fa's "Continuation of Yi Jian Prescriptions" were published. " and Xu Ruoxu's "Yi Jian Gui Yi", etc., although they have different reputations, they are all written for this book. It is relatively rare in the history of Chinese medicine that a small book has caused such a big shock. things."

According to the "Yi Jian Fang Jiu Mao" written by Lu Zuchang, the old man of Dijing in Yongjia during the Song Dynasty, "Mr. Xiangzhi Cong traveled for more than seventy years. He did not go to the hall and enter the house, but copied the "Three Causes" written by him. It is said that if you have learned enough and passed away without any disease, it is better that you will not be famous forever even if you have a master's degree..." This illustrates from one aspect what Chen Yan once wrote in his book Sanyin Jiyi Bingzheng Fanglun. The fact of teaching students the teaching materials. As for Lu Zuchang, "Mr. Lu Zuchang despised money and valued people, devoted himself to learning from the past, exhausted all his ideas, and established his own prescriptions. His reasoning is like Lu Bian's insight into the three causes after drinking the water from the pond; his rescue is not fake. Tuo Caesarean section The intestines can be thoroughly divided into four treatments. Due to encounters with strange diseases in young infants, they are addicted to discussing medicine. Every time they meet, the teacher will discuss it carefully. Between the two rituals, within the four seasons, the luck changes, the guest and the host. "Even better, there are many ups and downs, and there is no way to find out." The discussion not only depicts a vivid Chen Yan, but also introduces his interaction with Chen Yan, which is a rare historical material. It should be said that there are more accurate historical materials that can confirm that Chen's disciple must be Wang Shuo, while Lu and Chen are both teachers and friends.

There is a recent book "Research on Yongjia Medical School" written by Liu Shijue, published by Chinese Medicine Ancient Books Publishing House in May 2000. It has detailed textual research and research on Chen's disciples represented by Wang Shuo and their works. In the introduction, he slightly expanded the scope of Chen's named disciples. Although there is some speculation, it is not entirely impossible. The key points are briefly transcribed below:

The period from Chunxi to Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty was about 1174 to 1244 AD, which was equivalent to the academic activities of Liu Wan-su, Zhang Zi-he, Zhang Yuan-su and Li Dong-yuan in the north reaching a climax. Hejian and Yishui When the University School was formed, the Wenzhou area of ​​Zhejiang Province in the south also formed a group with Chen Wu-zhai as the leader, Chen disciples Wang Shuo, Sun Zhining, Shi Fa, Lu Zuchang, and Wang Wei as the backbone, and Sanyin Fang is the theoretical cornerstone of the "Yongjia Medical School" with "Yi Jian Prescription" as its academic center. The reason why Chen Wu-zhai became the founder of the Yongjia School of Medicine was that while he treated patients according to clinical symptoms and practiced medicine to help the world, he also wrote books and taught disciples. Only after Sanyin Fang was written, he There are more than 70 people. Among the doctors of the Yongjia Medical School, Dadu (SP2) came from Chen's family, or he may have followed his studies privately. Lu Zuchang had a close relationship with Chen Wu-zhai. The two had long-term discussions on medicine. They were teachers and students and friends.

Representative figures and works of the "Yongjia Medical School" also include: Wang Shuo's "Yi Jian Prescriptions", Sun Zhining's "Additional Reviews of Yi Jian Prescriptions" and "Disease Caused by Cold Briefly", Shi Fa's "Continuation of Yi Jian Prescriptions" "Jian Fang Lun" and Chabing Zhinan, Lu Zuchang's "Yi Jian Fang Jie Falun", Wang Wei's "Yi Jian Fang Mai Lun", etc.

Wang Shuo inherited the research direction of Hejiju Fang and went further by pursuing simplicity and simplicity. However, he did not inherit Chen Wu-zhai's basic method of "cutting away complexity" by "knowing the essentials", "cutting away complexity" without "knowing the essentials", lacking the ideas and means to stick to simplicity and control the complexity, and without any theoretical knowledge. Innovation and methodological improvements. Therefore, his "Yi Jian Prescriptions" has inherent methodological flaws; Sun Zhining compiled "Additional Revision of Yi Jian Prescriptions" and wrote "Ji Jian Prescriptions", and did a lot of work for the publication and dissemination of "Yi Jian Prescriptions". Became the backbone of support for Wang Shuo among the doctors of the Yongjia Medical School; Shi Fa... In the third year of Chunyou (1243), he wrote the "Continuation of Yi Jian Prescription". Make up for it. ... Shi Shi is proficient in pulse technique and pays attention to distinguishing the actual and actual symptoms of the disease Hanre. Therefore, the criticism of "Yi Jian Prescription" mainly focuses on Wang Shuo's shortcomings of not asking about pulse manifestation and not paying attention to syndrome differentiation; Supplementing treatment methods and formulas on the basis of criticism and syndrome differentiation will improve the understanding of the entire syndrome differentiation and treatment. ...This kind of academic debate without personal loyalty, objective and calm, perfected the content of "Yi Jian Prescription" and formed the academic center of Yongjia Medical School, promoting the development and progress of medicine at that time. Lu Zuchang's rhetoric was fierce but his reasoning was insufficient. Far inferior to Shi Fa, who speaks calmly and is well-founded, "regulating his faults and making up for his shortcomings." Therefore, although Lu was older than Shi, people still called him Shi and Lu, and "Yi Jian Fang Jie Wei" could only be used as an appendix to "Yi Jian Fang Lun", and was retitled "Yi Jian Fang Lun Later Collection". World; Wang Wei's "Continuation of Yi Jian Fang Mai Lun" is different from many "Yi Jian Fang" works in focusing on the organization and application of formula. It has its own system and its own characteristics. It is not large in length, but "Although the sparrow is small, five zang- "All organs", forming a complete principle-method-recipe-medicinal content and a theoretical system focusing on diagnostic methods and treatments.