Pain in the lower abdomen, either to the left or right of the navel, is referred to as lower abdominal pain, often associated with disorders of the Liver Meridian.

The "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases" and "Jingui Yaolue" mention lower abdominal pain, which actually refers to pain in the lower abdomen, and this should be noted.

In classical medical texts, this condition is often conflated with minor abdominal pain and discussed under the heading of "abdominal pain," or it may appear in the context of diseases such as hernia. As for the abdominal pain associated with intestinal abscess, it will not be discussed in this section.

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1. Cold Stagnation in the Liver Meridian︰Lower abdominal pain radiating to the testicles, with a sensation of heaviness and severe pain, or accompanied by scrotal contraction. The pain worsens with cold and alleviates slightly with warmth. It is often accompanied by a pale complexion, cold intolerance, cold limbs, a white and slippery tongue coating, and a deep, wiry or slow pulse. The Jingmai of the liver connects to the external genitalia and reaches the lower abdomen, hence the characteristic symptom of lower abdominal pain radiating to the testicles. This is due to excess cold, resulting in intense pain that worsens upon pressure. Treatment should focus on warming and dispersing cold from the liver meridian, using Angelica Cold-Extremities Decoction with the addition of Evodia and Fresh Ginger Rhizome.
2. Liver Qi Depression︰Lower abdominal qi stagnation and discomfort, pain radiating to the scrotum, with intermittent and fluctuating pain that may be triggered by emotional agitation or overexertion; or visible bulging in the lower abdomen or around the navel, appearing and disappearing irregularly, sometimes with distending pain, and in severe cases, unbearable pain that worsens upon pressure. Often accompanied by bilateral hypochondriac distending pain, chest tightness, sighing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, irritability, and anger. The tongue coating is thin and white, and the pulse is wiry or deep. This is due to excess pathogen qi stagnation, so the pain fluctuates and is often triggered by emotional agitation, frequently accompanied by symptoms of liver qi stagnation such as bilateral hypochondriac distending pain and chest tightness with sighing. Treatment should focus on soothing the liver and regulating qi, using a combination of Bupleurum Liver-Soothing Powder and Chinaberry Fruit Powder.
3. Large Intestine Dampness-heat︰Lower abdominal pain, dysentery with pus and blood, tenesmus, thirst with desire to drink, red tongue with greasy and slightly yellow coating, slippery and rapid pulse. Large intestine dampness-heat can cause pain in the right lower abdomen, which worsens upon pressure, and may lead to dysentery with pus and blood or what is known as Jueyin diarrhea. The tendency of the disease is relatively acute, with severe pain. Due to the obstruction of dampness-heat, blood circulation becomes stagnant, leading to the formation of pus and blood. Symptoms such as scanty and dark urine, yellow and greasy tongue coating, and slippery and rapid pulse may also be observed, indicating dampness-heat symptoms. Treatment should focus on clearing heat and draining dampness, dredging collaterals and relieving pain. The recommended formula is Pulsatilla Decoction with modifications.
4. Deficiency and Cold in the Lower Jiao︰The lower abdomen is continuously and mildly painful, often with more severe pain on the left side. The complexion is pale, accompanied by fatigue and lack of strength, aversion to cold, and cold hands and feet. Symptoms may also include vomiting or diarrhea. The tongue is pale with a white coating, and the pulse is wiry and slow. The pain is not accompanied by testicular pain but is associated with vomiting and diarrhea, indicating a deficiency-cold condition. Therefore, the pain is mild and continuous, alleviated by pressure. The treatment should focus on warming and dispersing cold in the liver. The recommended prescription is Evodia Decoction.

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1. Suwen．Jade Mechanism True Viscera Theory: "The disease is called hernia and abdominal mass, with a feeling of heat and pain in the lower abdomen, and white discharge, also known as gu."
2. Zabing Yuanliu Xizhu: "If there is lower abdominal pain, hernia is common. However, not all cases are due to hernia, and the symptoms can be distinguished. For example, pain that is relieved by pressure indicates deficiency; pain that is not relieved by pressure indicates excess; pain with difficulty in urination indicates dampness; pain with distension and urgency, but normal urination, indicates stagnant blood; pain extending to the penis, which stops when pressed, indicates liver blood deficiency; pain that is sharp and unbearable, with urination like dripping, and unresponsive to medication, indicates excessive alcohol consumption; pain with a palpable mass, intermittent distension and discomfort, and fixed pain location, indicates long-standing static blood."