Chilblain is a relatively common skin condition in winter. It is an injury caused by cold stimulation in individuals who are sensitive to low temperatures. When the weather turns cold in winter, the blood vessels in the skin constrict to retain body heat. Areas such as the hands, feet, and ears, being farther from the heart, experience slower blood flow, leading to poorer circulation in these regions. Prolonged exposure to cold can easily result in chilblains. In mild cases, the blood vessel walls are damaged, causing fluid to leak out. Due to poor lymphatic drainage, the leaked fluid cannot return to the bloodstream promptly, leading to swelling, irritation of sensory receptors, and sensations of burning pain and itching. In severe cases, blood vessels may freeze, obstructing circulation and causing necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, leading to ulcers that are slow to heal. Symptoms often improve on their own when the weather warms up.

bubble_chart Etiology

People who frequently suffer from frostbite have a hereditary predisposition. Therefore, students who have had chilblains before should take early measures to prevent their recurrence.

bubble_chart Treatment Measures

At the initial stage of chilblains, apply chilblain lotion or green medicinal paste to the affected area and keep warm. If blisters have formed, puncture them with a sterilized needle and then apply chilblain ointment. Seek hospital treatment if the condition has ulcerated.

bubble_chart Prognosis

To prevent chilblains, the following measures should be taken:

1. Pay attention to physical exercise to improve the skin's adaptability to cold.
2. Keep warm and protect areas prone to frostbite, such as hands, feet, and ears. Wear gloves, thick socks, and cotton shoes. Change wet shoes and socks promptly. Wear earmuffs when going out to keep ears warm. Regularly massage these areas to enhance blood circulation.
3. When washing hands or face, avoid using highly alkaline soaps to prevent skin irritation. After washing, apply moisturizers such as lotion, cream, or glycerin to keep the skin lubricated.
4. Engage in regular cold-resistance training, such as washing face and hands with cold water, to enhance cold tolerance.
5. Those suffering from chronic sexually transmitted diseases, such as anemia or malnutrition, should not only actively treat the underlying conditions but also increase nutrition and ensure sufficient calorie intake to boost resistance.

bubble_chart Differentiation

Generally speaking, typical chilblains are easily recognizable, but for cases with atypical symptoms or locations, it is important to differentiate them from other skin diseases such as erythema multiforme, lupus erythematosus, erythema nodosum, and erythema induratum.