A native of Hengyang (now part of Hunan). He studied Confucianism in his youth and later apprenticed under the renowned physician Liu Sidao for many years, gaining significant insights. He gradually became proficient in pediatrics and gained fame in his time. His diagnosis and prescription methods often had unique features. He was known for his benevolence, integrity, and valuing righteousness over profit, earning deep respect from his contemporaries.

Zeng Shirong once meticulously compiled and edited Liu Sidao's medical theories, poetic formulas, and other posthumous works, making deletions, additions, and corrections. He also sought out the discourses of other eminent physicians of his time and gathered his own usual arguments and formulas. In the 31st year of the Zhiyuan era (1294), he completed the "Huoyou Xinshu" in 3 volumes, which was published. He also authored the "Huoyou Kouyi" in 20 volumes, discussing pediatric medical theories. Both of these books are extant.