[Variety Source]

This product is crude lead oxide (Lithargyrum) smelted from lead stone ore. It is produced in Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian and other places and can be mined throughout the year. Natural litharge minerals are extremely rare, and most commercially available products are made from lead. This product used to be obtained from the by-product deposited on the bottom of the furnace when refining silver and lead from galena. The current production method is to melt the lead, then use a long iron rod to rotate it several times in the molten lead. Part of the molten lead adheres to the iron rod, and then takes it out and immerses it in cold water. After the molten lead cools, it turns into lead oxide (solid). for litharge.

In ancient times, "There are not many secrets, and they are nonsense. They came out of the Persian country... litharge, a person who smelt raw silver." The general idea is that the ancients first saw a Persian monk smelting silver, so they called the stone he smelted litharge. . Litharge is actually PbO, and the monks are not smelting silver, but refining elixirs.

[Character]

Isometric crystal system, irregular blocks of different sizes. Orange-red, inlaid with small pieces with metallic luster, sparkling in the light. The surface is rough, sometimes orange-yellow and slightly smooth on one side. Hard and heavy, easily broken. The cross section is reddish brown. No energy. Powder yellow. The color is yellow and shiny, the inside and outside are consistent, and the body is strong and heavy. Slightly soluble in water, easily soluble in nitric acid. When exposed to the air, it slowly absorbs carbon dioxide and turns into basic lead carbonate.

[Property]

salty and acrid, neutral, toxic. Tang Bencao: "Salty and acrid, neutral, slightly toxic." Rihuazi Bencao: "Sweet, neutral, nontoxic."

[Efficacy]

Reduce swelling, killing worms, astringent and antiseptic, calming fright.

[Indications]

Orally used to treat chronic dysentery, fright epilepsy; external use to treat hemorrhoids, swelling, ulcer, vitiligo, scabies, armpit odor, eczema, itching water from river and other diseases.

1. If the thoracic accumulation of phlegm persists, use one or two litharge, add one bowl of vinegar and one bowl of water, fry to dryness, and grind into powder. Take the last two coins of each dose, add a small bowl of wine and water, fry it into a bowl, and drink it while it is hot. It is better to spit out phlegm.
2. For consumptive thirst, use 2 liang of litharge to drink water, grind it into powder, soak it in boiling water, take it out, add a little steamed cake to make balls, as big as Wuzi. You can take it with thick silkworm cocoon salt soup, eggplant root soup, or wine. Take five pills on the first day, then increase to nine pills every day, until you take 30 pills at a time. Do not take more. If you feel nausea after five or six times, you can stop taking the medicine. When you feel nauseous, you can eat some dry food to relieve your pain.
3. For Chibai diarrhea, use three liang of litharge, burn it to yellow, take it out and grind it finely, take one penny each, give it with vinegar tea, and eat it three times a day.
4. For hemorrhoids and fistulas, use one penny each of bronze bronze, lithharge, and a little musk. Grind them together finely, mix with saliva and apply to the affected area.
5. Baby blisters (all over the body looks like a fish bladder, but also like crystals. If it breaks, water from the river will cause the sores to regenerate). Grind litharge into powder and sprinkle it on the skin. Take Styrax Pill orally.
6. For loss of voice due to panic, take a teaspoon of Mi Tuo and mix it with tea, and it will be cured.
7. To use armpit odor, wash your armpits first and then apply the oil-based litharge. Put another 1 penny of litharge into the hot steamed cake and hold it under your arm.
8. Fetid mouth odor, use the last penny of litharge and vinegar to gargle.
9. Aphtha, use calcined lithharge, grind it into powder, and apply it on the sore.
10. For sores in the nose, use litharge and incense Dahurian Angelica, grind them into powder in equal parts, and mix with candle oil to apply to the affected area.
11. For all black scars, use 2 liang of lithharge, grind it finely, and mix it with human milk and apply it. Apply the medicine at night and wash it off during the day.
12. Xiayue tinea versicolor is like a rash, use lithharge eight qian and Realgar four qian, and grind them together finely. First rub the skin with ginger slices to treat fever, then dip the ginger slices into medicated powder to rub tinea versicolor. The next day the macula and papule were scorched and withered.
13. Bony gangrene (a "boney sore" in which thin bones are exposed from time to time), mix litharge with tung oil and apply it to the affected area.
14. Chronic shank ulcer, mix lithharge with sesame oil to make a paste, spread it on oil paper and apply it to the affected area repeatedly.

[Usage and Dosage]

External use: Appropriate amount, grind it into powder and sprinkle or mix it, or make it into plaster, ointment, oil, etc. Oral administration: Grind into powder, 0.2~0.5g; or form into pills or powder.

[Precaution]

This product is mainly for external use. Long-term and large-scale use may easily cause lead poisoning. It is advisable to take it internally with caution and not to overdose. Jinfu should be used by pregnant women and children who are physically weak.

[Modern Pharmacology]

At a concentration of 2%, Mi Tuo Seng Ointment showed an inhibitory effect on Trichophyton syncentrica, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum ferruginosa in the test tube; at a concentration of 4%, it inhibited Epidermophyton floccosum , Gypsum-like Trichophyton, Trichophyton toe, etc. all showed inhibitory effects. Water immersion agent (1:3) also has varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of skin fungi in the test tube. It can combine with proteins to form protein lead, which has the effect of converging local mucous membrane blood vessels, protecting the ulcer surface and reducing mucus secretion.

Acute poisoning

• It is more common in those who take excessive amounts of soluble lead salts. Nausea, vomiting, salivation, metallic taste in the mouth, blood streaks in the vomit, diarrhea, abdominal pain, black stool, and paroxysmal umbilical cord disease occur in the digestive tract. Peripheral colicky pain, the pain is relieved by pressing the hand. During the attack, dysphoria is restless, blood pressure is increased, white blood cells are increased, sometimes it resembles colicky pain or bladder inflammation, and frequent urination. Dehydration, hemoconcentration, acidosis, or electrolyte imbalance occurs due to extensive vomiting and diarrhea. If severe abdominal pain causes shock, it can directly lead to circulatory failure.
• Toxic encephalopathy can include intractable headache, delirium, hallucinations, mania, tremor in the eyes, face, tongue and fingers, sometimes epileptic-like seizures or paralytic dementia-like performance. Children often have symptoms of cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure, such as food refusal, ejection vomiting, anterior fontanel fullness, cranial suture separation, increased head circumference, neck stiffness, strabismus, lethargy, convulsions, etc. Fundus examination shows optic nerve head, edema, etc. Multiple lead neuritis such as numbness of fingers and toes, limb paralysis, etc. If paralysis occurs in the intercostal muscles, breathing difficulty or even failure may occur.
• The blood test results showed a significant decrease in red blood cells and an increase in reticulocytes and stippling red blood cells. The patient felt dizzy, fatigued, pale in face, significantly pale nails, massive gastrointestinal bleeding, and shock.
• Toxic hepatitis manifests as hepatomegaly, increased transaminases, jaundice, and tenderness.
• Toxic nephropathy, laboratory tests reveal the presence of protein, pus balls, casts, etc. in the urine, which can cause severe renal failure.
• Temporary hypertension is caused by vasospasm caused by lead poisoning.

Chronic poisoning

• Lead face: The face is khaki or gray-white, which is caused by spasm of small blood vessels on the face.
• Digestive system: metallic taste in the mouth, lead lines in the gums, frequent colicky pain in the abdomen, and large constipation knots. Among them, lead line is one of the characteristics of lead poisoning. It is caused by lead absorbed in the body and lead sulfide produced by rotten food remaining in the teeth. Black particles are formed and deposited in the oral mucosa membrane, in the shape of a band about 1mm wide, or an irregular patch. Composed of some gray-blue micro-dots, they often exist along the gingival margins of canines and first molars. They can also be seen on the buccal membrane. However, the phenomenon of lead lines only indicates the absorption of lead in the body, not necessarily Basis for poisoning diagnosis.
• Hematopoietic system: Increased stippling red blood cells, reticulocytes and alkaline red blood cells appear. Hypohaemoglobinemic, normocytic, or microcytic anemia of grade I and grade II occurs.
• Nervous system: Early symptoms of neurasthenia, such as dizziness, insomnia, lack of strength, loss of appetite, muscle arthralgia, etc. As the disease progresses, polyneuritis, lead paralysis, and typical wrist and ankle drops develop. Grade III poisoning patients have mental and nervous system disorders, such as insomnia, mental depression, insensibility, hallucinations, delirium, paresis, tremor, convulsions, and even unconsciousness.
• Others include interstitial nephritis, hepatomegaly, jaundice, uremia, menstruation disorders, late abortion or premature labor.

Lead poisoning patients may have an acute attack due to illness, acidosis, drinking, hunger, low calcium, etc. within 1 to 2 years after stopping lead ingestion, so the incubation and acute phases alternate.

Rescue method:

1. If acute poisoning occurs due to oral administration of a large amount of lead-containing substances through the digestive tract, gastric lavage should be performed immediately with 1% to 3% sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution to combine into insoluble Lead sulfate prevents absorption. Or use emetic formula first, then take 20g of magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate, and then perform gastric lavage to remove the precipitated lead sulfate. After gastric lavage, 15-30g of sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate can be instilled for catharsis.
2. Take milk and egg white to protect the gastric mucosa membrane.
3. Those with toxic encephalopathy should immediately inject calcium gluconate intravenously, and mannitol and cortisone can be used to treat brain edema. The application of calcium can promote the precipitation of lead in blood circulation into bones, thereby reducing blood lead concentration and alleviating acute symptoms. You can use 10 ml of 10% calcium gluconate, add 20 ml of 25% glucose injection, and inject slowly intravenously, 2 to 4 times a day, for 2 to 3 days. This Yaodui is also effective for abdominal colicky pain. In addition, 1g of calcium lactate can be taken orally, 3 times a day for 3 days.
4. Lead removal therapy can only be carried out after the symptoms of acute poisoning are relieved. The first choice drug is calcium disodium edetate (CaNa₂-EDTA), which can combine with lead to form a stable and soluble complex. The compound is excreted in urine. After taking the drug, the amount of lead excreted in the urine increases sharply (up to 14 to 30 times), and the symptoms of chronic lead poisoning are also significantly reduced or even disappeared. There is no side effect of lowering blood calcium. Generally, short-course intermittent therapy is used, that is, 1 to 2 g per day for adults and 25 to 50 mg/kg body weight per day for children, dissolved in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution, intravenous drip, or dissolved in 40 ml of 25% glucose solution for slow intravenous injection. Continuous treatment for 3 to 4 days constitutes a course of treatment, and the treatment is repeated after 3 to 4 days of discontinuation. A total of 3 to 4 courses of treatment can be carried out until the urinary lead returns to normal. Chronic poisoning can be taken orally via tablets.
5. Sodium dimercaptosuccinate: 1g per day, add to 20ml of normal saline and inject slowly intravenously before use. This medicine is not suitable for intravenous infusion. If the solution is earthy or turbid, it cannot be used. A course of treatment is 3 days on and off for 4 days. Use 2g for the first time.
6. Cellulite (CaNa₃-DTPA trisodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentacetate) is 0.5-1g daily, dissolved in 500ml of normal saline, and infused intravenously. Take medicine for 3 days and stop for 4 days. Use 3 to 4 courses of treatment.
7. 5% sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate solution 2~3ml, intramuscular injection, then 1~2ml/4~6 hours, 2 days later, 2.5ml/time, 1~2 times/day, the course of treatment is about 1 week.
8. Penicillamine: 0.2~0.3g each time, 3~4 times a day, and take vitamin B6 at the same time, 60mg a day. Continuous use generally does not exceed 4 weeks.
9. Giving 20-40g of sodium bicarbonate and 2-3g of sodium iodide daily can also promote the excretion of lead from the body.
10. In order to reduce side effects during medication or medication, 1 to 2g of vitamin B complex and haloalkali can be taken orally, 3 times a day. Middle-Tonifying Qi-Replenishing Decoction plus and minus oral trace metal mixtures. The ingredients of this mixture are: 0.2g copper sulfate, 0.6g potassium permanganate, 30g ferrous citrate, 1g zinc sulfate, 0.1g cobalt chloride, appropriate amount of syrup, add water to 1000ml, take 10ml orally each time, 3 times a day Second-rate.
11. Symptomatic treatment: For example, nitroazepam can be used in case of convulsions, lead colicky pain can be treated by subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg atropine sulfate, or a large amount of calcium and vitamin C can be taken orally. Meperidine or morphine can be used if necessary, and children can take compound formula camphor tincture orally. Acupuncture and acupuncture at Zhongwan, Tianshu, Zusanli, Sanyinjiao and other acupoints can still be used. Use hot compress if necessary, or take nitroglycerin tablets under the tongue.
12. For toxic hepatitis, in addition to hepatoprotective therapy, intravenous infusion of 10 to 16 U of ordinary insulin, 10 ml of 10% potassium chloride, and 500 ml of 10% glucose solution (referred to as G, I, and K therapy) can be given daily. Once, a course of treatment lasts for 1 to 10 days, and can be extended if necessary. It has the effect of reducing transaminases and increasing appetite. You can also use energy mixture therapy, that is, use 1 energy mixture (containing 20 mg adenosine triphosphate, 50 U coenzyme A, and 4 U ordinary insulin) in 500 ml of 10% glucose solution, and infuse it intravenously once a day.
13. For toxic encephalopathy, in addition to using removing toxin agents and dehydrating agents, diuretics can also be used, and attention should be paid to water and electrolyte balance. In order to improve brain cell metabolism, energy mixture can be used early, add an appropriate amount of cytochrome C, and add it to glucose infusion for intravenous drip. For those with obvious mental symptoms, perphenazine can be used. Those with tremor symptoms can use Antane and others.
14. For toxic nephropathy, kidney protection measures are mainly used.
15. For gastrointestinal bleeding, first use hemostatic medicinal, and at the same time apply gastrointestinal mucosal membrane protective agent. If there is anemia, various blood tonics can be used after the acute phase and when the condition is stable.
16. Taking a large amount of white radish natural juice, white granulated sugar water, duck blood, etc. can cure lead poisoning.
17. 120g of fresh chinese tallowtree root-bark, chopped, squeezed and juiced, add 1kg of pulp water, take orally in 4 times, once every 4 hours.
18. Chew white honey and sesame, take a large amount internally, or drink a large amount of Mung Bean soup.
19. Forsythia 12g, Lonicera 15g, Akebia Stem 6g, Plantain Seed 3g (pack), Indian buead tuckahoe 15g, Alisma 9g, decocted with water, 1 dose per day, 7 doses as a course of treatment.
20. Christina Loosestrife 30g, Liquorice Root 6g, seaweed, kelp, Sichuan Hypoglaucous Yam, Millet Spatholobi 12g each, Scouring Rush Herb 15g, Lonicera 18g, Akebia Stem 6g, Alisma 9g, decocted with water, take 1 dose daily, continuously Take 4 to 6 doses.
21. Christina Loosestrife 21g, Liquorice Root, seaweed, kelp 9g each, Lonicera 21g, Akebia Stem 6g, Alisma 9g, Prunella 15g, Glabrous Greenbrier, etc. 30g, Millet Spatholobus 15g, appropriate amount of water chestnut juice. Decocted with water, take 1 dose daily for 1 week.
22. kelp 90g, seaweed 75g, decoction and take frequently. Or take golden chrysanthemum leaf decoction (Christina Loosestrife 30g, Chrysanthemum Flower, Liquorice Root 15g each, decocted with water).
23. For toxic hepatitis and elevated transaminases, use Gentian 12g, European Verbena Herb 9g, Cinnamon Twig 9g, Atractylodes Rhizome 9g, Curcuma Root 9g, Gardenia 9g, Dried Tangerine Peel 9g, Indian buead tuckahoe 12g, Virgate Wormwood 15g, Salvia 9g, Chinaberry Fruit 9g, White Atractylodes Rhizome 9g, Liquorice Root 6g, decocted with water in the morning and evening.
24. Universal removing toxin soup: Cyperus seeds 9g, Slender dutchman's pipe root, Aucklandia Root 15g each, Sanqi powder (flush), borneol (flush) 1g each, golden fern 250g, decocted with water 2 times, Taken together, take 2 times every 4 hours.