bubble_chart Overview

Congenital hemangioma is a benign tumor formed by the proliferation and dilation of skin capillaries, often present at birth or shortly after, with a few cases appearing during childhood or adulthood. It primarily affects the skin of the head and neck, but can also occur in mucous membranes, the liver, legs, and muscles. These tumors grow rapidly during infancy but gradually stop growing and may sometimes resolve on their own. During their growth, they can lead to complications such as bleeding, ulcers, arteriovenous fistulas, and thrombocytopenia, especially when subjected to trauma or infection.

bubble_chart Clinical Manifestations

Clinically, it is generally classified into four types: 1. Nevus flammeus: Lesions vary in size, appearing as light red or purplish-red patches that blanch upon pressure, with small nodular hyperplasia on the surface in adulthood. 2. Hemangioma simplex: Lesions present as single or multiple bright red or purplish-red nodules or patches, soft in texture, with a surface resembling mulberry fruit or strawberries, usually regressing within 5-7 years. 3. Cavernous hemangioma: Lesions manifest as irregular or round masses elevated above the skin, soft and elastic, compressible, and appearing blue or dark purple. 4. Mixed type: A combination of two types of hemangiomas, often with one type predominating.

bubble_chart Diagnosis

1. Skin lesions are present at birth or appear shortly after birth; 2. Characteristics of skin lesions in various types of hemangiomas; 3. Histopathology; 4. Port-wine stain: Proliferation and dilation of capillaries in the dermis; 5. Capillary hemangioma: Proliferation of capillaries and vascular endothelial cells in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue; 6. Cavernous hemangioma: Varying sizes of vascular cavities in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, with proliferation of outer membrane cells.

bubble_chart Treatment Measures

Treatment Principles
1. Port-wine stain: Use of concealing cosmetics, radioactive isotopes P^32 or Sr^90, argon ion laser, or copper vapor laser; 2. Simple hemangioma: Wait for natural regression. If it does not regress over a long period (5-7 years), invades vital organs, or causes recurrent bleeding or ulcer formation, superficial X-ray, laser, cryotherapy, magnetic therapy, or intralesional injection of corticosteroid suspension may be employed; 3. Cavernous hemangioma: Surgical excision, intralesional injection of sclerosing agents (such as sodium morrhuate), or Nd-YAG laser treatment; 4. Infantile hemangioma: If it grows rapidly, involves vital organs, or is accompanied by thrombocytopenia or bleeding tendencies, prednisone may be administered.

Medication Principles
For cavernous hemangioma, mixed hemangioma, or rapidly growing infantile hemangioma that involves vital organs or presents bleeding tendencies, intralesional or oral corticosteroids may be considered. Alternatively, intralesional injection of sodium morrhuate can also be used.

bubble_chart Cure Criteria

1. Cure: Skin lesions or tumors subside without causing local necrosis, leaving insignificant scars; 2. Improvement: Skin lesions or tumors shrink, invasion of other organs is reduced, platelets return to normal, and clotting factors are normal; 3. No cure: Skin lesions or tumors show no significant change, abnormal platelets and clotting factors are not corrected, and invasion or compression of other organs is not alleviated.