| title | Artemisia Annua |
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| source | Yukezhai |
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Sweet wormwood herb is used today as the dry above-ground part of Artemisia annua L., a plant in the Asteraceae family. Sweet wormwood herb used to be mostly wild, but is now widely cultivated. It is mainly produced in Youyang and Xiushan, Chongqing, and is also produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other provinces.
materia medica Research believes that the sweet wormwood herb used in ancient times originated from various plants of the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, including Artemisia annua. Around the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo and Kou Zong-shi divided sweet wormwood herb into two categories based on its smell, color and whether it was edible: those with aromatic smell, dark green color, and edible smell may be Artemisia apiacea; those with slightly smelly smell, The one with a yellowish color and a bitter taste is Artemisia annua, and Li Shi-zhen officially called the latter Artemisia annua. Since it was recently discovered that only Artemisia annua among the genus Artemisia contains sweet wormwood herb that can fight malaria, Zhongguo Yaodian has stipulated Artemisia annua as the only source of medicinal sweet wormwood herb since the 1985 edition. Artemisia annua is widely distributed, and its medicinal uses in ancient and modern times have no obvious authenticity. Modern large-scale planting can select suitable areas according to the content of sweet wormwood herb.
"Artemisia" was a general name for a large class of herbaceous plants in ancient times. "The Book of Songs" "Deer Ming" "Yo yo deer croaks, eating the wormwood in the wild." The commentator quoted "Yanzi" as saying: "Artemisia is the tallest grass." The difference is that there are white wormwood (called "蘩" in "The Book of Songs"), wormwood Dadu ( SP2) is a plant of the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, of which sweet wormwood herb is also one.
Bencao Jing Grasswort is also known as sweet wormwood herb, and the name sweet wormwood herb was first seen in Wushi'er Bingfang, where sweet wormwood is used in the book "Hemorrhoidal Prescription" Herb, and said: "Sweet wormwood herb, the name of Jing is 囗." The upper half of the missing word is damaged, and the compiler of "Disease Prescriptions" thinks it is "Hagi", not only the "Health Prescription" unearthed at the same time specifically uses "Hagi" , check "Erya" "Xiao, Hagi" in "Shi Cao", Guo notes "that is Artemisia", Xing Shu said "Xiao, Hagi, also have overlapping rhymes in ancient times." According to "The Book of Songs", "Xiao" is mentioned in many places, such as "Pick the other Xiao Xi", "Polygonum bixiaosi" and so on, according to Lu Jishu: "This is what people today call Artemisia elegans. Or it is said that Artemisia oxtail is similar to Artemisia annua. The white leaves and stems are thick and grow in families. There are dozens of stems in many cases, which can be used as candles. It has a fragrant aroma, so the sacrifices use fat as incense." As it is said, the sweet wormwood herb named "Hagi" in "Disease Prescriptions" is probably a type of today's Artemisia subdigitata Mattf. Another theory is that the missing word in "Bing Fang" is "裣", and "Shuowen" says "裣 means fragrant wormwood." According to "Erya" "Artemisia, 裣", Guo Zhu said: "Today people call sweet Wormwood herb is called "wormwood herb" when it is burned in the fragrance." Xing Shu quoted Sun Yan as saying: "Between Jing and Chu, wormwood is called wormwood." Lu Ji's Poems also said: "Artemisia, sweet wormwood herb. Between Jing and Henan, Runan and Ruyin All are clouds." Even so, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that the "sweet wormwood herb" named "裣" is the variety in use today.
(1) The reason why medicinal sweet wormwood herb is designated as Artemisia annua is that this species contains sweet wormwood herb hormone with antimalarial activity. This is almost the only reason. From Bencao Jing until Zhenglei Bencao, mainstream materia medica does not mention the efficacy of sweet wormwood herb preventing attack of malaria.
(2) Tao Hong-jing mentioned that sweet wormwood herb can be used as food. "Collected Notes" says: "Nowadays, people also take mixed cilantro to eat sweet wormwood herb." Shiliao Bencao says: "It grows in the earliest spring and is white in color. It is naturally fragrant and is like vinegar. It is beneficial to people." Bencao Yanyi said: "Grasswort is also known as sweet wormwood herb. It is found everywhere and spring is the earliest." , people think of it as a vegetable, with red roots and fragrant leaves. Nowadays, people call it sweet wormwood herb, which is also different." Another example is Su Shi's poem "I gradually feel that the east wind is chilly, sweet wormwood herb, yellow leek taste the spring dish", both with Sweet wormwood herb is food, but Artemisia annua tastes bitter and is very unpalatable. The edible sweet wormwood herb mentioned in the literature should not be this type.
(3) What is particularly important is that the two medicinal pictures of sweet wormwood herb in "Zheng Lei" are very bizarre. Picture 1 can hardly be considered to be a composite plant, while picture 2 is close to a spike. , can barely be interpreted as southern Japanese wormwood herb Artemisia eriopoda Bunge, but in any case, these two medicinal pictures have no similarity with Artemisia annua.
Other information shows that Artemisia annua was indeed used as sweet wormwood herb from the Wei and Jin Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties.
(1) Zhouhou Beiji Fang The prescription for treating Hanre malaria is as follows: "Take a handful of sweet wormwood herb, soak it with two liters of water, wring out the juice, and drink it. "It is now known that among the plants of the genus Artemisia, only Artemisia annua contains sweet wormwood herb, which has antimalarial effects. Therefore, if Ge Hong's record is true, the sweet wormwood herb used should be this species.
(2) Volume 9 of "Qi Min Yao Shu" quotes "Shi Ci" to compose a female song using sweet wormwood herb up and down. The method is still recorded in "Tiangong Kaiwu". The distiller's koji note says: "Every time The method of making medicated leaven is different from that of wine mother. The method dates from the Tang Dynasty. Its song is not suitable for brewing. The maker specializes in white flour, and adds sweet wormwood herb natural juice, horse polygonum, and cocklebur natural juice for every 100 kilograms. To make cakes, wrap it in sesame leaves or mulberry leaves, just like making soy sauce." The sweet wormwood herb used in modern folk production of medicated leaven is still the strong-smelling Artemisia annua.
(3) The whole plant of Artemisia annua contains volatile oil and has a special smell. Shu Bencao ﹒ "Illustrated Book" describes sweet wormwood herb: "The leaves are like wormwood but the back is not white. It is about four feet high. The seedlings are collected in April and May and dried every day. People in Jiangdong call it 芭+卍荍荍+ because it smells like wormwood+ "卍" is called sweet wormwood herb by northerners." According to "Guangyun" it says: "犭+卍 is a small beast, smelly, lives in the lake, is yellow in color, and eats rats." According to what is said, 犭+卍 should be a weasel. Compared with animals like weasels, the smell of fresh Artemisia annua is indeed somewhat similar, which is why this plant is named "skunk".
Faced with the above two sets of contradictory evidence, we believe that until the Song Dynasty, medicinal sweet wormwood herb was mainly derived from various plants of the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, and Artemisia annua was just one of them.
If you put aside the confusing two pictures of wormwood medicine in "Zheng Lei", Shen Kuo and Kou Zong-shi, who were close to Su Song, seemed to have noticed the difference between sweet wormwood herb's edible and medicinal uses, and tried to solve it. .
Mengxi Bitan Volume 26 says: "There are most types of wormwood. For example, there are two types of sweet wormwood herb, one is yellow and the other is cyan. "Materia Medica" calls it sweet wormwood. herb, there may be something different. There is sweet wormwood herb in Suiyin, Shaanxi. Between the wormwood bushes, there are sometimes one or two plants, which are very green. The natives call it sweet wormwood. The stems and leaves are the same as those of wormwood, but wormwood is common. The color is green, and the color of this wormwood is green, just like the color of pine and juniper. In late autumn, the remaining wormwood is mixed with yellow, and this wormwood is only green, with a slightly fragrant smell. I am afraid that the ancients used it as a victory."
Kou Zong-shi is basically the same as this. "Yanyi" says: "Grasswort, now also known as sweet wormwood herb. It is found everywhere. It is the earliest to get spring. People pick it as a vegetable. The roots and red leaves are fragrant. Today, people It is called sweet wormwood herb, and there are some differences. But among the same kind, the green color is chosen. There is sweet wormwood herb in Suiyin, Shaanxi Province. Between the wormwood bushes, there are sometimes one or two nests, which are completely green. The natives It is called fragrant wormwood. The stems and leaves are the same as those of wormwood, but the wormwood is light green in color. This wormwood is dark green in color, still green, so it has a fragrant aroma. I am afraid that the ancients used the dark green as the winner, otherwise, all the wormwoods are not green. "
Shen Kuo and Kou Zong-shi both called the seedlings dark green in color as sweet wormwood herb. It is difficult to say exactly which plant of the genus Artemisia it is. It may be the Artemisia apiacea Hance that later caused controversy. Both books mention "artemisia", which seems to be specifically referring to the aforementioned Shu Bencao ﹒ The Book of Illustrations says sweet wormwood herb "its smell is like a dog + 卍". As far as the smell is concerned, it seems that neither of the two considers Artemisia annua to be sweet wormwood herb. What's more noteworthy is that "Bi Tan" divides sweet wormwood herb into two categories: yellow and green, which just laid the groundwork for Bencao Gangmu to add a new sweet wormwood herb strip to the sweet wormwood herb strip.
Bencao Pinhui Jingyao The medicinal diagram is copied from "Zheng Lei", but the description is closer to the genus Artemisia of the Asteraceae family, and there is no invention of the species. Later Bencao Mengquan clarified the relationship between Virgate Wormwood Herb and sweet wormwood herb. Chen Jia-mo said: "The proverb goes: Virgate Wormwood Herb in March, sweet wormwood herb in April, every person Reciting this, I only suspect that the two medicines are the same, and they have different names because they are old and young. Little did they know that although the leaves are similar, the species are different. The backs of the leaves of Artemisia are all green, and they have flowers. Virgate Wormwood Herb has green leaves on the back and white flowers on the back. There is nothing in fact. The situation is particularly different in the cold winter. The stems of Virgate Wormwood Herb will not wither, and the leaves will grow on the stems again in spring. Because the stems are old and old, it is named Virgate Wormwood Herb. The seedlings that appear under the roots, like grass growing out again, are called mugwort. Those with old stems can be harvested in March, while those with new seedlings can only be harvested in April. This refers to the order of harvesting, and it is not based on the theory that the seedlings are divided into old and young. "Although Chen's statement does not help solve the problem of the name of sweet wormwood herb, it is quite correct to say that Virgate Wormwood Herb and sweet wormwood herb are two things. But what is puzzling is that until the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Xi-chun was still thereYixue Zhongzhong Canxilu ﹒ "Virgate Wormwood Herb" says, "Virgate Wormwood Herb is the tender seedling of sweet wormwood herb. In autumn, sweet wormwood herb will produce seeds, and they will stick to the ground as big as money. In winter, the ground is covered with frost and snow, and the sprouts are intact. Just after passing through the Beginning of Spring (1st solar term) means vigorous growth and should be harvested in the middle of the first lunar month." According to Mr. Xie Zongwan's opinion, Zhang Xi-chun may have mistaken Virgate Wormwood Herb Artemisia capillaris Thunb. for sweet wormwood herb.
Bencao Gangmu For the first time, a band of Artemisia annua was separated from the sweet wormwood herb band. The botanical relationship between sweet wormwood herb and Artemisia annua has been the focus of recent debate. In order to clarify the ins and outs of the problem, You might as well summarize the main contents of Gangmu sweet wormwood herb as follows:
Gangmu The sweet wormwood herb article contains almost all the contents of the previous generation of materia medica. The name of the release is wormwood, fangkui, wormwood, wormwood + wormwood, and wormwood. And added a note: "Yan Zi said: Artemisia is the tallest grass. According to "Erya", the Artemisia alone is called Artemisia alone. How can it be that the backs of all Artemisia leaves are white, but this Artemisia is only green, which is different from It's all because of the wormwood." The annotations of the collection are transcribed in sequence from Bielu, "Collected Annotations", Shu Bencao, Bencao Tujing, and the main notes are Adopting the opinions of Kou Zong-shi, sweet wormwood herb is called sweet wormwood herb, and sweet wormwood is called sweet wormwood herb. Li Shi-zhen said: "sweet wormwood herb sprouts in February, and its stem is as thick as a finger and soft and fat. The stems and leaves are dark green in color, the leaves are slightly like Virgate Wormwood Herb, and the face and back are green, and the roots are white and hard. In July and August, thin yellow flowers bloom, which are quite fragrant. The fruits are as big as pockmarks, with fine seeds in the middle. of Bencao Jing, Xinxiu Bencao, Shiliao Bencao, Bencao Shiyi, Rihuazi Bencao Discuss, and add the effect of "treating malaria Hanre". The appendix contains four old prescriptions and thirteen new ones. The three prescriptions "malaria Hanre" and the one "warm malaria phlegm" are all newly added.
In addition to quoting Rihuazi Bencao's "Artemisia odorifera" and transcribing the book's "Efficacy of Artemisia odorifera" from Rihuazi Bencao, the rest of the content is newly added by Gangmu. Shi Zhenyun said: "Sweet wormwood herb can be called sweet wormwood herb. This wormwood is similar to sweet wormwood herb, but it is green with light yellow color. It has a pungent smell and is inedible. People use it to make rice wine and rice wine."
Li Shi-zhen's classification is actually based on Shen Kuo's opinion. A plant with dark green color, fragrant smell and edible smell is regarded as the authentic sweet wormwood herb. Therefore, the previous generation materia medica is retained under the sweet wormwood herb label. According to all the records, there is nothing wrong with this in accordance with the compilation of traditional materia medica. Even Li added the effect of preventing attack of malaria to this edible sweet wormwood herb, which cannot be regarded as a serious mistake─although this effect has been recognized by modern pharmacology. Proven to be something that sweet wormwood herb does not have - after all, there are numerous similar supplements in various materia medica. In fact, it is precisely because of Li Shi-zhen's clear description of the sweet wormwood herb plant, combined with Gangmu's less accurate sweet wormwood herb medicine picture (Figure 3), and Wu Qijun's description of Gangmu For recognition of the sweet wormwood herb discussion, refer to the relatively standard drawing of Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao (Figure 4). Only then did modern botanists be able to classify the ancient sweet wormwood herb as Artemisia apiacea.
Similarly, the reason why Bencao Gangmu is separated into Artemisia annua strips is because Li Shi-zhen does not recognize this "smell-smelling and inedible" plant mixed in sweet wormwood herb varieties as sweet wormwood herb. Compared with the sweet wormwood herb medicinal illustration, Gangmu's illustration of Artemisia annua is more sloppy (Figure 5), also due to Wu Qijun's approval and Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao's accurate drawing, (Figure 5) Figure 6) Early Japanese botanists classified Artemisia annua as Artemisia annua. The older generation of pharmacognosy experts Zhao Xianhuang, Xie Zongwan and Chen Chongming who are familiar with the evolution of materia medica have no objection to this conclusion. After all, it is a fact. That's it.
We cannot say that all the sweet wormwood herb mentioned in ancient literature are Artemisia annua, or that the medicinal sweet wormwood herb has been Artemisia since ancient times, regardless of the fact that Artemisia annua contains anti-malarial sweet wormwood herb. annua. In fact, in the 1930s, Mr. Zhao Huang quoted the report of Japanese Ishito Tani in "Qizhou Medical Records" and called the sweet wormwood herb in Peking as capillary wormwood Artemisia capillaris, while the sweet wormwood herb in Tianjin was Artemisia annua. Mr. Zhao's The opinion is that northern pharmacies mainly use Artemisia annua, while southern pharmacies use Artemisia apiacea. After 1949, confusion among sweet wormwood herb varieties still existed. According to a survey by Mr. Xie Zongwan, in addition to the above three types, there are still many kinds of plants used for sweet wormwood herb in various regions, and Zhongguo Yaodian until It was only in the 1985 edition that Artemisia annua was stipulated as the only source of medicinal sweet wormwood herb. Previously, Artemisia apiacea could also be used as medicine. From this it can be said with certainty that before 1985, medicinal sweet wormwood herb was a multi-origin species, and Artemisia annua was only one of the sources.
【Evolution of Authentic】
Artemisia annua is widely distributed, and there are no obvious authentic requirements for its medicinal use in ancient times. The "Drug Production Identification" says: "It is produced in every county, mostly in Yingde County (Guangdong)." This actually reflects just that. The output of sweet wormwood herb in Guangdong during the Republic of China. In modern standardized planting, suitable production areas can be determined based on the content of sweet wormwood herb.
