[content]

Milkvetch Root is used today as the dry root of the leguminous plant Mongolian Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or membrane pod Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. hedysarum root is the dry root of legume polybotrys Milkvetch Root Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz. Milkvetch Root products are sourced from wild and cultivated products. Wild products are mainly produced in Qiqihar and Ning'an in Heilongjiang, Hunyuan, Fanzhi, Yingxian, Yuanping, Guangling and northern Shanxi in Shanxi, and Minxian, Dangchang and Wudu in Gansu. , Chifeng City, Ulanqab League and other places in Inner Mongolia. In addition, it is also produced in Jilin, Hebei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places, but the quality is not as good as that produced in the above-mentioned places of origin. Cultivated products are mainly produced in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shandong and other places. Among them, Milkvetch Root cultivated in Shanxi has a large area, high yield and good quality. It is customary to believe that those from Qinyuan to Qin County in Shanxi have the best quality and are called authentic. Hedysarum root is mainly cultivated, but also grows wild. It is distributed in Gansu and Sichuan, and the ones grown in Min County, Gansu are generally the best.

materia medica Research believes that the ancient Milkvetch Root was mainly derived from various plants of the genus Astragalus of the Leguminosae family. Around the Song Dynasty, the medicinal varieties of Milkvetch Root were close to those used today, with membrane pod Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus and Mongolian Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus is the mainstream, and the origin has been transferred from the original Sichuan, Shaanxi, Ganning, and Shanxi to Qinyuan, Shanxi, and the authentic product is called "Mian Milkvetch Root." In the Qing Dynasty, in addition to Shanxi, Inner Mongolia was added to the origin. As for the hedysarum root of the genus Hedysarum, it has been used as one of the sources of Milkvetch Root in ancient times, but it is generally not regarded as authentic. Zhongguo Yaodian once included it under Milkvetch Root, and it has been listed as a separate item since the 1985 edition, " The Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the source is Milkvetch Root Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz.

[Variety review and authentic history]

Milkvetch Root This is Milkvetch Root, Bencao Gangmu's name says: "The senior citizen, Milkvetch Root is yellow in color, which is the source of tonic, so Name. Today it is commonly known as Milkvetch Root, or as milkvetch root, but it is not true. Milkvetch is the root of the turtle, and the sound is corpse." Test Wushi'er Bingfang Milkvetch Root is written as "黄芟", according to Milkvetch Root Bielu is also known as "蜀蜀", and the ancient sound of "蜀蜀" has the rhyme of fat, so they can be borrowed from each other. In addition, Bielu is also known as "蜀蜀", and its pronunciation is "蜀蜀". It is also similar, so Li Shi-zhen may not be correct in taking "蓓" as wrong. Milkvetch Root Bencao Jing is also known as Dai Nuo, Wushi'er Bingfang is also called by this name, Sen Lizhi Bencao Jing Kao Annotation explains : "Because those wearing rice grits have small light yellow flowers in clusters, which look like they are wearing rice grits, hence the name." Let me give you an explanation.

Bencao Jing The actual name of Milkvetch Root is uncertain, but the Milkvetch Root recorded in early documents may not be exactly the same as the varieties used today. Judging from the origin, the early Milkvetch Root origins were mainly concentrated in Sichuan. , Gansu, and Shaanxi areas, for example, Bencao Jing said "the valley was born in Shu County", Bielu said "Baishui, Hanzhong", "Taiping Yulan" Volume 991 quoted "Qin" "Prefecture Records": "Milkvetch Root comes from Xiangwu County, Longxi." Tao Hong-jing divided Milkvetch Root into three categories according to the place of origin and the shape of the medicinal materials. "Collected Notes" says: "The first came out of Taoyang, Longxi, with a yellow-white and sweet color. Today It is also rare. The first ones used are Heishui and Dangchang, which are white in color and have thick texture. The new ones are also sweet, warming and tonifying. There are also Canling and Baishui, which are better in color and theory than those in Shuzhong and are cold tonic." From Tao Hong-jing's Judging from the description, there are obvious quality differences in the Milkvetch Root produced in these three places. There are many Astragalus plants in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia regions. In addition to the membrane pod Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus, there are also multi-flowered Milkvetch Root Astragalus floridus Benth. ex Bunge, Milkvetch Root Astragalus ernestii Comb., and Milkvetch Root Astragalus. tongolensis Ulbr., Golden Wing Milkvetch Root Astragalus chrysopterus Bge., etc., it is known that the medicinal Milkvetch Root during the Six Dynasties mainly came from various plants of the genus Astragalus. According to "Liang Shu" "Biographies of Zhuyi" In the fifth year of Tianjian, Deng Zhiguo "sent envoys to offer four hundred catties of Milkvetch Root", the same as "Southern History". The so-called "Deng Zhiguo", according to "Book of Liang" says: "Living in the border of Xiliang Prefecture, there is a different species of Qiang." Its land is in the west of today's Gansu Province, and its origin is probably one of the above Milkvetch Roots.

Xinxiu Bencao said: "The leaves of this thing are like ferns, or Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit. Single stem, or in clusters. Nowadays, those from Yuanzhou and Huayuan are the best, and are no longer used by the Shu Han Dynasty." Xiao Bing's "Four Tones Materia Medica" says: "When you leave Yuanzhou and Huayuan Guzi Mountain, the flowers are yellow." Tang Dynasty The Yuanzhou mentioned in ancient documents is now Guyuan, Ningxia, and Huayuan is Yaoxian, Shaanxi. These areas also have wild resources of membrane pod Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus, and according to Shu Bencao ﹒ The Book of Illustrations describes: "The leaves are like fern, single stem, sparse branches, purple flowers, roots like Liquorice Root, yellow skin and white flesh, about two to three feet long. The ones from Yuanzhou are good now, and Yizhou and Ningzhou are also good." According to the membrane pod Milkvetch Root, the corolla is yellow, slightly lavender, so Xiao Bing said the flowers are yellow, and Han Bao-sheng said the flowers are purple, which should both refer to Astragalus membranaceus.

Beginning in the Song Dynasty, membranene pods Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus and Mongolian Milkvetch Root Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus became the mainstream medicinal use. According to Su Song's description: "The roots are two to three feet long, single stems, in clusters, and the branches are 2 to 2 feet below the ground." Three inches. Its leaves are sparse and fern-shaped, like Puncturevine Caltrop Fruit seedlings, which bloom yellow and purple flowers in mid-July and August. They are actually pods, about an inch long, and the roots are harvested in mid-August. Its skin is folded like cotton, which is called "Milkvetch Root." It also describes the medicinal characteristics of high-quality Milkvetch Root: "Milkvetch Root is flexible in texture, with slightly yellowish-brown skin and white flesh." At this time, the origin of Milkvetch Root was also transferred from the original Sichuan-Shaanxi Ganning to Shanxi and its In the surrounding area, "Zhenglei" depicts "Xianzhou Milkvetch Root". Xianzhou is in Jingle County, Xinzhou, Shanxi today. According to its medicinal map (Figure 1), it is somewhat close to the original product used today.

Su Song mentioned in the text the origin of the "Milkvetch Root" that was well-known in later generations, "The skin is folded like cotton, which is called Milkvetch Root." Chen Cheng also said: "Today's "Illustrations" The water in the painting is cotton, and the land is adjacent to it. If it is said to be as flexible as cotton, it is called milkvetch root. However, milkvetch root is originally flexible, and if it is fake, it is simply different. " Su and Chen The two theories are quite different. Su Yi named the medicinal material based on its properties, while Chen Ze said it came from the place of origin. Later generations often made harmonious theories. For example, Tangye Bencao said: "Mianshang is Qinzhou, Shanxi, Milkvetch The root is sweet in taste, soft as cotton, and can make people fat." Bencao Mengquan said: "Mianqi came from Mianshang, Qinzhou, Shanxi, and this product is excellent." He also said: "Serve the menu and serve Buqi." , straight as an arrow shaft, with brown skin, white flesh and yellow heart, soft and cotton-like when folded, sweet and almost honey when chewed, so it responds to diseases and works like a god." Bencao Yuanshi said: "Sheng The name of Mianqi in Qinzhou, Shanxi is Mianqi. A cloud folds like cotton, so it is called Mianqi." As Mr. Xie Zongwan pointed out in "Chinese materia medica Milkvetch Root and hedysarum root: Research on materia medica", "Mianqi "Both interpretations of Root are acceptable." There should be no doubt that the original plant is Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus.

Milkvetch Root seems to have been planted in the Song Dynasty. In the 11th volume of Chao Buzhi's "Chicken Ribs Collection", there is a line from Li Xian's poem by Guan Yizhai: "This year's intercalary spring is late, and the ground at the base of the wall is slightly open. Divaricate Saposhnikovia was first planted. Root is planted with Milkvetch Root, Laizhou stone tripod is green and glazed." King Jin came up with a poem from Qinyuan Mountain: "The wild man didn't know Wucheng Zai, and when he asked, he was speechless and changed slightly, but he said that there was a lot of rain this autumn, and there was no one in the valley. "Collection." specifically mentions Shanxi Qinyuan Milkvetch Root. Bencao Gangmu said: "The son harvests it and sows it in October, just like growing vegetables." This should be a clear record of Milkvetch Root cultivation.

Since the Qing Dynasty, in addition to Shanxi, the production areas of Milkvetch Root have also increased in Inner Mongolia. Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao said: "There are several types of Milkvetch Root, and those produced in Shanxi and Mongolia are the best." "Drug Production Identification" It says: "Zhengqi production is divided into three places, one is Guandong, the other is Ninggu Pagoda, and the third is Bukui, which is produced in the three eastern provinces."

hedysarum root was first seen in "Ji Zhu", Tao Hong-jing mentioned it under the Milkvetch Root article : "There are also red ones, which can be used as a plaster to eliminate carbuncle swelling." It is generally believed that this refers to the Milkvetch Root Hedysarum polybolrys with a reddish-brown root epidermis. The "Medicinal Property Theory" says: "Those with red skin in Sichuan white water , slightly cold, this is used to treat heat in guests." It should be the same thing. However, it should be noted that Milkvetch Root has always been one of the product sources, without differentiation, and most literature does not consider the red-skinned ones to be superior. For example, "Updated Edition Weiyao Tiaobian says: "The ones from Sichuan are Sichuan Qi, small handful, red and black skin, hard in nature, tough as hemp, with a grassy smell, the lowest." It is suspected that it is also a plant belonging to the genus Hedysarum. Therefore, Zhongguo Yaodian once grade I recorded the polysequential rock Milkvetch Root as the plant source of Milkvetch Root under Milkvetch Root. However, since the 1985 edition, hedysarum root has been included in the list and is not included in the list. Milkvetch Root confusion.