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Shield-fern Rhizome is used today as the dried rhizome and petiole residues of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai, a plant of the family Dryopteris, and the correct name is male fern rhizome. Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces.

materia medica Research believes that the shield-fern rhizome varieties in the past have been extremely confusing. Ferns have become the mainstream medicinal use since the Six Dynasties, but their use varies in different places. Among them, japonica china fern rhizome of the genus Cibot Rhizome has a relatively long history of use. The dominant Shield-fern Rhizome variety in ancient times. However, because Shield-fern Rhizome has been used by Chinese medicine as a product for killing worms, Bencao Jing called it "killing three worms". Baopuzi's Internal Chapter Volume 5 says: " "Shield-fern Rhizome can stop colicky pain, and Chinese Angelica peony can stop colicky pain." Pharmacological studies have confirmed that among a variety of Shield-fern Rhizome herbs, only Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai contains phloroglucinol. The plant-like ingredients have obvious repellent effects, so this plant is regarded as genuine in modern times and is mainly produced in the three northeastern provinces.

【Variety Research】

The name Shield-fern Rhizome first appeared in "Erya." "Shicao": "芹苻, Zhiluo, Shield-fern Rhizome." In Bencao Jing, Shield-fern Rhizome is listed as a lower grade. The scripture says: "Bitter taste, slightly cold, poisonous. Indications: The evil heat and various poisons in the abdomen kill three insects. One is Guanjie, one is Guanqu, one is Baitou, one is Tiger Juan, and one is Bianfu. " Bencao Jing's record Simple, but there are still clues to be found. According to Bencao Jing's "A Tiger Juan", Sen Lizhi's Bencao Jing's Notes says: "The roll is a form of fist, and the young leaves look like bent hands and are hairy and tall." , so it is called Tiger Roll." According to "Erya Wings" it says: "The fern is like a child's fist, purple and fat." "Piya" says: "The fern is like the fist and foot of a big bird, and also like the kick of a human foot. ." Like "Tiger Roll", they both describe the special shape of the young fern leaves curling, so there should be no problem in determining that Bencao Jing Shield-fern Rhizome is a fern. Not only that, in Bencao Jing, Shield-fern Rhizome has another name "Hundred Heads", which is similar to Cibot Rhizome, which is definitely a fern in Bencao Jing The other name "Hundred Branches" also describes the state of its leaves growing in clusters. This is what Li Shi-zhen said in Bencao Gangmu: "It has one root and many branches running through it, so the grass is called Feng. Tail, root name Shield-fern Rhizome, Guanjie, Guanqu." But its variety cannot be confirmed.

Strangely, the "Shield-fern Rhizome" mentioned in the Wei and Jin Dynasty documents seems to be a seed plant. For the convenience of discussion, the documents related to Shield-fern Rhizome in the Wei and Jin Dynasties are briefly listed as follows:

《 "Guangya": "Guanjie, Shield-fern Rhizome." "

Mingyi Bielu said: "Shield-fern Rhizome, removes white spots, breaks abdominal mass, removes head wind, stops gold wounds. Flowers, treat malignant sores, make people ejaculate. 1 The first name is Bo Ping, and the other name is Le Zao. This is called the grass owl head. It grows in the Xuanshan Valley and Yuanju and Shaoshi Mountains. The roots are collected in February and August and dried in the shade."

"Wu Pu Materia Medica" says: "Shield Shield - fern Rhizome, one is Guanlai, one is Guanzhong, one is Quwu, one is Guanzhong, one is Boqin, one is Yazao, one is Bianfu and one is Huangzhong. The leaves are green and yellow, two or two On the contrary, the stems have black hairs growing together, which remain alive in winter and summer. They are white in April and black in July. They are gathered together and curled up and grow on the sides. The roots are picked in March and August, and the leaves are picked in May."

It is worth noting that, Bielu and "Wu Pu" both say that Shield-fern Rhizome has flowers, and "Wu Pu" does not say it is fruity and black. This is obviously a seed plant rather than a fern. As for Guo Pu's annotation, although it does not explicitly state the actual nature of the flowers, the plant characteristics described in it, such as black hairs on the stems, small evergreen herbs, and buds, are basically similar to those in "Wu Pu" and should refer to the same thing.

But starting from Bencao Jing Jizhu, ferns once again became the mainstream of medicinal Shield-fern Rhizome. Tao Hong-jing said: "Shield-fern Rhizome, there are also shortcuts. The leaves are as big as Fern, its root shape, color, hair and awns all resemble the head of an old owl, so it is called a grass owl." The so-called "big fern" should be a large fern, "Poetry" Zhaonan﹒ "Cao Chong" "Zhibi Nanshan, said to pick its ferns." According to "Essential Art of Qi Min" "Eighty-eighth Method of Making Tibetan Lettuce" quoted from "Shiyi Shu" it says: "Fern is also a mountain vegetable. When it is born, it looks like a garlic stem. Purple black. In mid-February, it is eight or nine inches high. It has old leaves, with a rug shape and is as smooth and beautiful as a sunflower. ...In mid-March, its ends are scattered into three branches, with several leaves on the branches. The leaves are like sweet wormwood herb, long and strong. , not edible." The fern in "The Book of Songs" is a plant in the family Fernsaceae. Its leaves have three to four feather lobes. This is the first time that the Shield-fern Rhizome is truly connected with ferns in literature. Although Tao Hong-jing's description is still not helpful in understanding the variety of Shield-fern Rhizome, Tao said that the leaves of Shield-fern Rhizome are like large ferns, that is, they are divided into multiple pinnates, which is why later literature said that the leaves of Shield-fern Rhizome are like phoenix tails. , laying the groundwork.

"Newly Revised" The Shield-fern Rhizome article completely reproduces the old version of Bencao Jing Jizhu without any additions, but in the Cibot Rhizome article Su Jing said: "(Cibot Rhizome) Miao is like Shield- fern Rhizome." In addition, the original plant of Shield-fern Rhizome is described in detail in a Tang Dynasty Taoist scripture "Chunyang Zhenren Yao Shi Zhi" collected by the Dongshen Department of the "Orthodox Taoist Canon". The book is called Guan Zhong (i.e. Shield-fern Rhizome) is a bud of five phoenixes. There is a poem saying: "Five phoenixes often grow in deep streams, meaning they grow in tall clumps. They are only picked in May and mid-autumn, just like the wings and tail of a phoenix." From the shape of the leaves. Look, this variety is definitely not Ziqiao. It is worth noting that since this book, Han Bao-sheng Shu Bencao in the Five Dynasties and Su Song Bencao Tujing in the Song Dynasty both mentioned Shield. -fern Rhizome The leaves are like the tail of a phoenix.

Shu Bencao ﹒ "Illustrated Scripture" says "Shield-fern Rhizome, the seedlings are like Cibot Rhizome, shaped like a pheasant's tail, with straight roots and many branches, black skin and red flesh. The curved one is called a grass owl, and it can be found in the shade of the valley where it is now."

Bencao Tujing said: "Shield-fern Rhizome, today in Shaanxi, Hedong prefectures and counties, Jing and Xiang, there are many of them, but there are few flowers. The spring seedlings are red, the leaves are as big as ferns, the stems are triangular, and the leaves are It is green like chicken feathers, also known as Chinese brake herb. The root is purple-black, shaped like a big melon, with black whiskers and hair below, and looks like an old owl."

Although the above two illustrations describe the shape of Shield-fern Rhizome There are similarities, but the varieties are not necessarily the same. The medicine mentioned in Shu Bencao is from Sichuan. The seedlings are similar to Cibot Rhizome. Its rhizome is upright and cylindrical. It should be the black hair commonly used in Sichuan. Cibot Rhizome Woodwardia japonica (L.f.) Sm. of the Pteridaceae family, or the single-bud Cibot Rhizome fern W. unigemmata (Makino) Nakai of the same genus, and according to research, these two varieties are in Bencao Tujing It is the original plant of Cheng Dejun Cibot Rhizome and Meizhou Cibot Rhizome.

Bencao Tujing The texts about Shield-fern Rhizome and Cibot Rhizome can be cross-referenced. Cibot Rhizome says: "The tips of the seedlings are finely chopped, green, one foot high, without flowers, and their stems and leaves are Similar to Shield-fern Rhizome but thin." Comparing the pictures of Zizhou (today's Zichuan, Shandong) Cibot Rhizome and Zizhou Shield-fern Rhizome attached to Bencao Tujing, it can be seen that the rhizomes of the two are The leaves of Cibot Rhizome are enlarged and covered with scales. Cibot Rhizome is horizontal and Shield-fern Rhizome is upright. Cibot Rhizome has triple pinnate leaves, while Shield-fern Rhizome has bipinnately divided leaves. Although the above characteristics are not enough to determine its original plant, However, based on the origin of "Shaanxi, Hedong Prefecture and Jingxiang" mentioned in "Illustrations", Mr. Xie Zongwan believes that "the original plants of Shield-fern Rhizome are: Dryopteris, Matteuccia, and Athyrium. And the underground parts of Cibot Rhizome plants of the genus Woodwardia are very close to this." This makes sense.

When describing the original plant of Shield-fern Rhizome, most materia medica in the Ming and Qing Dynasties compiled documents from previous generations, and there were few field investigators, so their records were often full of errors. For example, Lu Zhi-yi's "materia medica Cheng" in the Ming Dynasty "Yabangao" says: "It comes out of the Xuanshan Valley and Yuanju and Shaoshi Mountains. It can be found in Shaanxi and Hedong prefectures and counties as well as Jing and Xiang. It grows in the shade of mountains and near water. It does not die in winter and summer, and several roots grow in clusters. Each root must be There are many stems running through it. The stems are three-sided like a fern, with black sap, which is quite salivary. Its leaves are in pairs, like chicken feathers and phoenix tails, and also resemble Cibot Rhizome. The leaves have no serrations and are green and yellow in color. , with a dark face and a light back. It is white in April and black in July. They are gathered together and curled up, and their roots grow on the sides. They are curved and have a sharp mouth. They have black beards, which are also like Cibot Rhizome root-like and owl-like. The skin is dark and the flesh is dark. Red, straight and many branches, like a hundred heads." This is a collection of Mingyi Bielu, "Wu Pu materia medica", Bencao Tujing, Bencao Gangmu It is made up of so many things. It is really hard to understand the details with such a description.

Not only is this true for general clinical materia medica, but the records of Bencao Gangmu are also very vague. Li Shi-zhen said: "Shield-fern Rhizome grows mostly in the shade of mountains and near water. There are several roots growing in clusters; one stem has several stems. The stems are as big as chopsticks and their saliva is slippery; their leaves grow in pairs, like the leaves of Cibot Rhizome. It has no serrations, is greenish-yellow, has a deep face and a shallow back; its roots are curved and have a pointed mouth, and are clustered with black whiskers, which are also similar to Cibot Rhizome. The roots are large and shaped like a crouching owl." From "Like Cibot Rhizome, the leaves have no serrations." It seems that this species may refer to Osmunda japonica Thunb, a plant in the Osmundaceae family. , but the medicinal picture attached to Gangmu is quite different from that of Ziqi. Not only that, Bencao Gangmu Shield-fern Rhizome has a prescription for treating postpartum hemorrhage. Furen Liangfang said: "If you use Shield-fern Rhizome, it will look like a hedgehog, and it will not be cut off after use." , only rub off the hair and calyx." The so-called "calyx" actually refers to the scales covered by the Shield-fern Rhizome rhizome. Although this is what Gangmu quoted from others, it does reflect Li Shi-zhen lacks precise knowledge of the original plant of Shield-fern Rhizome.

Relatively speaking, Lan Mao of the Ming Dynasty Diannan Bencao and Wu Qijun of the Qing Dynasty Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao described Shield-fern Rhizome more accurately, and their original plants were respectively identified as scales. Shield-fern Rhizome Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wall) Presl. and Shield-fern Rhizome C. fortunei J． Smith. , but these two varieties are almost not used as Shield-fern Rhizome in commercial medicinal materials.

Although there are many sources of Shield-fern Rhizome in the domestic market today, the varieties that are relatively concentrated are Cibot Rhizome, japonica china fern rhizome of the genus Woodwardia, male fern rhizome of the genus Dryopteris, and japanese flowering fern rhizome of the genus Osmundaceae. It can be seen from the research of materia medica that japonica china fern rhizome has a relatively long history of use. In the materia medica of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shield-fern Rhizome was directly called "Black Cibot Rhizome", which should be the mainstream medicinal variety at that time.

As for Ziqiao, its name is found in "Erya". "Erya" says: "Qiao, Yueer." Guo Pu noted: "It is also Ziqiao. It looks like a fern and is edible." "Guangya" says: "Purple polygonum, also known as fern." We know that "Purple Polygonum" has a proper name in ancient times, and the plant Purple Polygonum not only has a special leaf shape, but its rhizome is not covered with scales, which is also an important feature that distinguishes it from other Shield-fern Rhizome. . Since Tao Hong-jing, it has been said that Shield-fern Rhizome leaves are like phoenix tails. After analyzing the medical processing requirements for Shield-fern Rhizome medicinal materials, Puji Benshi Fang mentioned "scraping off the black skin", Yixue Rumen said "remove the skin and hair", Furen Liangfang said: "remove the hair and calyx", both of which are inconsistent with the medicinal characteristics of Japanese flowering fern rhizome. Therefore, the plant The history of Ziqiu used as Shield-fern Rhizome in medicine still needs further research. Like Ziqiao, sheep's horse is also found in "Erya". "Erya" says: "Sheep's horse, fern's teeth." Guo's note: "The grass is fine, the leaves are hairy, like ferns' teeth. Today it is called wild goose in the east of the Yangtze River. Teeth. Reeling to get the cocoon thread." This has nothing to do with the male fern rhizome used today.

It should be pointed out that because the differences between fern species are relatively small, and the descriptions of plant morphology in ancient literature are often unclear, it also adds to the difficulty of species research. Through materia medica research, the Shield- used in ancient times can be fern Rhizome is divided into two categories according to the shape of its medicinal materials. One type is "straight-rooted and many-branched" as Han Bao-sheng said. This has been mentioned before and mainly refers to japonica china fern rhizome, while the other type is like Tao Hong-jing. Those who say "like an old owl", or like Su Song who says "shaped like a big melon", obviously do not come from the family Fernaceae, but its original plant is difficult to confirm. Male fern rhizome, japanese flowering fern rhizome, etc. are probably Also included.

【Evolution of Daodi】

Mingyi Bielu says: "Out of Xuanshan Valley and Yuanju and Shaoshi Mountain." As mentioned above, this kind of Shield-fern Rhizome is similar to the current user. The difference is quite large. Although the Shield-fern Rhizome is a fern, the species is not the current male fern rhizome, so there is no need to discuss it.

The genuine Dryopteris crassirhizoma used today is mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and parts of Hebei. This is very different from the origin of Shield-fern Rhizome recorded by materia medica in the past. For a long time At that time, this variety may have been just a common folk item in the Northeast. The reason why it became a mainstream variety in modern times may be related to the discovery of phloroglucinols with anthelmintic activity by chemical and pharmacological workers.