[content]

Dendrobium is used today as the fresh or dried stems of the orchid Dendrobium Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Dendrobium Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lindl., or Dendrobium Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.var.oculatum Hook. and their similar species. After cutting off part of the fibrous roots of Dendrobium, twisting it into a spiral or spring shape while frying, and drying it, it is commonly called Tiepi Fengdou (earring Dendrobium). Mainly produced in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Anhui, and also produced in Tibet, Guangdong, and Hubei. It is customary to believe that the golden Dendrobium produced in Jingxi, Guangxi has the best quality. The iron Dendrobium is distributed in Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places. Dendrobium is distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places.

materia medica Research believes that Dendrobium used in ancient times is basically a plant of the genus Dendrobium of the Orchidaceae family, but its place of origin and variety vary depending on the era. Among them, Dendrobium Dendrobium nobile should be the mainstream medicinal drug. It was produced in Huoshan, Anhui in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Dendrobium gradually gained its name, and its original plant should be Dendrobium huoshanense. The earliest recorded origin of Dendrobium was Lu'an, Anhui Province. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the emphasis on golden hairpin Dendrobium, it was generally considered that the ones produced in Sichuan were superior, but the authenticity was not obvious enough.

[Variety review]

Dendrobium is recorded in Bencao Jing. The name of the word Dendrobium is unknown. It may be considered that stone and dendrobium are both quantifiers. The ancient units of measurement are stone, dendrobium, bucket and liter. The name "Dendrobium" probably refers to its preciousness. See Zhao Cunyi's "Materia Medica Name Research"; Mori Lizhi's Bencao Jing Research Notes" according to Tao "Those shaped like grasshoppers are better. ", so it is believed that Dendrobium is the pronunciation of "stone worm"; Mr. Xia Weiying's "Notes on the Interpretation of Plant Names" according to Guifu's "Zhapu" Volume 10 Dianthus said: "There are grasses among the rocks in Shuning Mountain, with dozens of stems in one book. The stems are multi-jointed, and the leaves are like common lophatherum. The flowers bloom in April and May, pure yellow, and some are purple and white. The natives call it dianthus, which is Dendrobium. It also grows on transplanted trees." Mr. Xia said: "Dendrobium is stone. "Dendrobium" and "Dendrobium" are homophones for Dianthus, and Dendrobium also has the name of Dianthus. The stems of Dendrobium are knotty and the leaves are like bamboo, so Dendrobium is Dianthus, which means bamboo growing among rocks." There may be some explanations in the three explanations. Far-fetched, Dendrobium is an epiphytic herb. It often grows on rocks or trees, especially on rocks. Mingyi Bielu calls it "on the rocks beside the water". chinese star jasmine stem Tao Hong-jing Note : "Since it appears in the human world, it is not a stone, just like Dendrobium and other stones that are named after stones." The word "stone" in the name of the medicine may come from this. As for "Dendrobium", it may be because the abbreviation is enlarged and resembles the shape of Dendrobium.

The Dendrobium used in the past dynasties is generally based on the Dendrobium genus of the Orchidaceae family, but the origin and varieties vary greatly from time to time. The slight exception is that "Xinxiu", in addition to the regular Dendrobium, also mentions: "There are two more species in Jingxiang, Hanzhong, and Jiangzuo today. One is like barley, connected in many layers, with one leaf at the beginning and frigidity. The other is It is as big as a sparrow, so it is named Dendrobium sparrow. When taken raw and stained with wine, it is said to be better than the stem. It is also like Dendrobium, with leaves at the stem end, and the rest of the Dendrobium is like the leaves between the bamboo nodes." This kind of "Dendrobium" is like barley. It is generally believed to be Bulbophyllum inconspicuum Maxim., a plant of the genus Bulbophyllum of the Orchidaceae family, which is called "Bulbophyllum" in Volume 16 of Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao. "Dendrobium" may be a plant of the orchid family chinese pholidota herb (Pholidota) or a plant of the Dendrobium genus (Ephemerantha).

There are more than ten species of plants in the genus Dendrobium that are used as Dendrobium. This article mainly discusses the historical evolution of "Jinchai Dendrobium" and "Huoshan dendrobium", as well as other Dendrobium specified by Zhongguo Yaodian Variety.

1. Dendrobium

   At first, Dendrobium was not compared with Dendrobium. For example, "Southern Grass and Trees" scrolled with auspicious grass strips and said: "Auspicious grass, its stems are like golden hairpins." , the shape is Dendrobium, the root is white peony root. "Jinchai stock see Bencao Shiyi, Bencao Gangmu merged it into "Haiyao materia medica" hairpin stock, Li Shi-zhen said: "Dendrobium is called the golden hairpin flower. This grass looks like it, hence the name." Its original plant is the orchid family Luisia morsei Rolfe. Obviously, the Dendrobium here and the golden hairpin are not the same thing. Later in the year, Sheng Hongzhi's "Jingzhou Ji" said: "There is Longshi Mountain in Yongyang County, Sui County. There are many Dendrobium on the mountain, which is as fine as a golden ring." (Quoted in Volume 992 of "Taiping Yulan", the third edition of the four-part series) Also Dendrobium is not compared to a golden hairpin.

   The name "Jinchai Dendrobium" probably started in the Song Dynasty. Volume 5 of Hejiju Fang has "Jinchai Dendrobium Yuan". In addition, Dingchen Wan and Baosheng Wan are also mentioned in "Boji Fang" "Dendrobium", "Tongzhi" Volume 75 also said: "The stem of Dendrobium is like a golden hairpin, so it is called a golden hairpin." However, according to Bencao Yanyi's revelation, the so-called "Dendrobium golden hairpin" at that time "In fact, people in the world were curious and made it out of "Dendrobium". Kou Zong-shi said: "Dendrobium is as thin as grass, three or four inches long, flexible, and when broken it is like meat. Nowadays, people use Dendrobium to make medicine. The craftsman cannot clearly distinguish it, and the world also calls it the golden hairpin Dendrobium. Later generations used the image to describe it, but they were very ignorant. When the dendrobium was broken, the center was as hollow as grass, and it was more than a foot long, but the color was dark yellow and glossy. "True Dendrobium is effective in treating deficiency and heat in the stomach." In this passage, Kou Zong-shi distinguished "Jinchai Dendrobium" from "True Dendrobium". The so-called "Dendrobium" in the article means that Tao Hong-jing said "Xuancheng "The one growing on the oak tree is called Dendrobium. Its stem is long and light-colored." It should be a plant of the Dendrobium genus with larger plants and epiphytic trees, such as the "yellow grass Dendrobium" today, but it is definitely not the Dendrobium nobile Lindl used today. ..

   

   《Certificate》WenzhouChinese Angelica

   

   GangmuDendrobium

   Gangmu added another alias "Jinchai" to Dendrobium and explained: "The stem is shaped like the strands of a golden hairpin, so it was called Dendrobium in ancient times. People in Shu now plant it and call it the golden hairpin flower." Sheng Hongzhi's "Jingzhou Ji" says: There are many Dendrobium in Longshi Mountain in Leiyang, and they are as fine as gold hairpins. That's right. The golden rings are different, or the version is different. Li Shi-zhen has a detailed description of this plant form in the "Collection" item: "Dendrobium is clustered on the stone, its roots are very tangled, and its stem is white and soft. Its stems and leaves are all green. , yellow when dry. Safflower blooms. Roots grow spontaneously on the nodes. People also break them off and plant them with sand and gravel, or hang them under the house. Water them frequently and they will survive for many years. It is commonly known as Dendrobium, which is moist for thousands of years. "Run." Opening safflower is an important feature. Combined with the illustration, (Figure 1) can basically be classified as Dendrobium nobile. The poem written by Yang Shen, a native of Shu in the Ming Dynasty, "The city is filled with yellow plum rain for days and days, and Dendrobium flowers are blooming all over the city." The poem was probably written in this way.

   The theory of Dendrobium for golden hairpins was more popular in the Qing Dynasty. Xu Da-chun Shennong Bencao Jing "Hundred Types of Records" Dendrobium article even tampered with Kou Zong-shi's discussion about Dendrobium for golden hairpins as: "Dendrobium, its I can’t say for sure, the hairpin that comes out of Lu’an, Lujiang, is green in color, two to three inches long, like a hairpin’s strands, and is called Dendrobium hairpin in the world. When broken, it has flesh but is solid, and there is greasy saliva in the mouth, which sticks to the teeth, and the taste is sweet and bland. It is the best. Those that are tasteless are all dendrobium." The golden hairpin Dendrobium, which was dismissed by the bandits as "the descendants use the image to describe it, but it is very ignorant", became the best after Xu's modification. Wu Qijun's Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao Changbian quoted Tan Cui's "Ministry of Agriculture Suolu" as saying: "Dendrobium is originally a precious medicine, and it came from the stone wall of Pudu River in Luquan (now Luquan County, Yunnan). , uniquely prepared Wuse, especially among the treasures. Generally Wuse is complete, and the one with deep cyanosis is the best." Also tested Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao I > The second picture of Dendrobium painted, (Picture 2) "The flat stem has knots like bamboo, and the leaves are also wide and more than a foot tall. It is the so-called hanging bamboo in the "Bamboo Book". People in Hengshan call it thousand-year-old bamboo. Place it in the middle of the basket. , does not dry out over time, and lives when it gets water." This is also Dendrobium nobile.

2. Huoshan dendrobium

   According to Mr. Xie Zongwan's opinion, Huoshan dendrobium includes three varieties: Huoshan dendrobium Dendrobium huoshanense G. Z. Tang et S. J. Cheng, Dendrobium Dendrobium tosaense Makino and Dendrobium Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl., especially The former two are represented, and the "Xinhua Materia Medica Compendium" lists Huoshan dendrobium as Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw., which is generally called thin-stemmed Dendrobium.

   Bencao Jing said that Dendrobium "came from the Liu'an Valley", and "Fan Zi Jiran" also said: "Dendrobium came from Liu'an". Liu'an is today's Liu'an City, Anhui Province, under the jurisdiction of Huoshan County. Therefore, most researchers believe that Huoshan dendrobium is the earliest Dendrobium recorded in literature. However, from Tao Hong-jing to the Qing Dynasty, although Dendrobium was produced in Anhui, it did not occupy a mainstream position, such as Bencao Jing Jizhu Yun : "Today we use Dendrobium to come out of Shixing. On the raw stone, it is fine and solid. The mulberry ash soup is fertile. The color is like gold and the shape is like a grasshopper's shoulder. The one that grows on the oak trees in Xuancheng is called Dendrobium. Its name is Dendrobium. The stems are long in shape and light in color. Liu'an belongs to the Lujiang River, and Shi'an now also has dendrobium. When it grows long, it cannot be used as pills and powders, but it can be soaked with wine and used to make soup." What Tao Hong-jing admires is Shixing. The product produced on Shishang first flourished in today's Guangdong, but it is thought that the product produced in Xuancheng, Anhui is Dendrobium, which is not good.

   As for whether the Dendrobium produced in Lu'an in ancient times was the "Huoshan dendrobium" that was later known as "Huoshan dendrobium", it is unknown. The person who formally proposed the concept of "Huoshan Dendrobium" was Zhao Xue-min, Bencao Gangmu Shiyi Cloud: "Huo Dendrobium comes from Huoshan in the south of the Yangtze River. It is smaller in shape than Dendrobium, yellow in color and not straight in shape. Some people use it instead of tea leaf tea. Yunji relieves heat and wakes up the spleen, quenches thirst and diuresis, and is beneficial to the body." People with strong energy may be paid by boiling cream. It has not been practiced in the beginning, but it has become popular in the north and south of the Yangtze River in recent years." It also quoted from "Baicao Mirror": "Dendrobium, there is a kind in recent times, the shape is only an inch short, as thin as the core of a lamp, and the color is It is green and yellow, with a sweet taste and a slight salivation. It comes from Lu'an Prefecture and Huoshan County, Yingzhou Prefecture, and is named Huoshan dendrobium, which is the best. Those with no saliva in the mouth are from raw wood and cannot be used." Fan Yaochu also quoted It says: "Huoshan belongs to Liu'an Prefecture, and the Dendrobium produced there is called Dendrobium with rice heart. It is shaped like tired rice, with many joints similar to bamboo whips, and is dried into balls. Those produced in other places cannot be rice-centered, nor can they form balls." "According to the opinions cited by Zhao Xue-min, this kind of Dendrobium should be the endemic species of Huoshan, Huoshan dendrobium Dendrobium huoshanense. Although there are yellow-flowered Dendrobium, iron-barked Dendrobium, etc. growing in Huoshan, the plant characteristics are not consistent with it.

3. Other Dendrobium species

   In addition to Dendrobium, the Zhongguo Yaodian 2005 edition also considers Dendrobium Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lindl., Dendrobium Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.var.oculatum Hook. For genuine products. The fresh stems of Dendrobium are iron-gray to gray-green, with dark brown glossy nodes. They are very different from other plants of the genus Dendrobium. There are no similar records in ancient documents. This plant has become authentic, perhaps with the recent The popular Dendrobium medicinal material specifications earrings are related to the processing of Dendrobium or iron maple bucket. As for the horse whip Dendrobium, the plant is relatively large and may be what was called "Dendrobium" in ancient times. The reason why it is authentic is unknown. In addition to these two species, Dendrobium Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe. and Dendrobium Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall. were also used as genuine Dendrobium medicinally in the old version of Zhongguo Yaodian.

   Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao In addition to recording the golden hairpin Dendrobium, Volume 16 also describes a kind of Dendrobium that "can be found on mountains and rocks, and its flowers are as small as orchids." According to the illustration, ( Picture 3) Dendrobium Dendrobium moniliforme is the thin-stemmed Dendrobium. This is probably the Dendrobium variety that Bencao Yanyi said is "as thin as grass, three or four inches long, flexible, and can be folded like meat but solid". There is a golden orchid in Volume 17 of "Tu Kao". According to Wu Qijun, it is also a kind of Dendrobium. It is produced in central Yunnan. The original plant is Dendrobium Dendrobium denneanum Kerr.

【Original History】

The origin of Dendrobium varies with the times. As mentioned earlier, the origin of Dendrobium has been transferred from Liu'an, Anhui Province to Guangdong and Guangxi during the Qi and Liang Dynasties. By the Tang Dynasty, Dendrobium was mainly from Huainan Road, Jiangnan Province. The specific situation is as follows:

Huainan Road exits Dendrobium from Shouzhou (today's Shouzhou, Anhui Province), Luzhou (today's Hefei, Anhui Province), Shuzhou (today's Huaining, Anhui Province), Guangzhou (now Huangchuan County, Henan Province), Qizhou (now Qichun, Hubei Province), Huangzhou (now Huangzhou City, Hubei Province), and according to Tongdian, the specific tribute amount: Shouchun County tribute student Dendrobium fifty Jin, now Shouzhou; Lujiang County tribute Dendrobium sixty pounds. Today's Luzhou; Tong'an County tribute Dendrobium sixty pounds, now Shuzhou; Yiyang County tribute Dendrobium sixty pounds, now Guangzhou.

Dendrobium was produced in Jiangnan Road in Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) and Tanzhou (now Changsha City, Hunan Province). Tongdian mentioned the tribute amount: Xunyang County tribute produced ten kilograms of Dendrobium. Today's Jiangzhou.

Lingnan Road exits Dendrobium from Guangzhou, Shaozhou (now Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province), Longzhou (now Luoding County, Guangdong Province), Fengzhou (now Fengkai County, Guangdong Province), Chunzhou (now Yangchun County, Guangdong Province) ), Qinzhou (now Yunfu City, Guangdong Province), Hezhou (now Hezhou City, Guangxi Province), Tongdian mentioned the tribute amount: Nanhai County tribute Dendrobium twenty kilograms, today Guangzhou; Shixing County tribute Dendrobium two Ten kilograms of dendrobium, now Shaozhou; Linfeng County tribute of ten kilograms of dendrobium, today's Fengzhou; Tongling County tribute of twenty kilograms of dendrobium, now Qinzhou.

The "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Zhi" of the Song Dynasty mentioned that Dendrobium's contributions include: Shouzhou Tugong gave birth to ten kilograms of Dendrobium; Luzhou Tugong gave birth to Dendrobium twenty kilograms; Guangzhou Tugong gave birth to Dendrobium ten kilograms; Jiangzhou Tugong gave birth to Dendrobium one Ten pounds; Guangzhou Tugong Dendrobium two pounds. The prefectures and counties where Dendrobium is produced natively in "Taiping Huanyu Ji": Caizhou, Nankangjun, Luzhou, Guangzhou, Shouzhou, Fengzhou, Qinzhou, Guangzhou, Chunzhou, Shaozhou, and Kangzhou. Bencao Tujing said: "It is also found in Jing, Hu, Sichuan and Guangzhou counties as well as in Wenzhou and Taizhou. The ones from Guangnan are the best." "Zhenglei" specifically painted Chunzhou and Wenzhou Dendrobium.

Perhaps it was because of the promotion of "Dendrobium" in the Ming Dynasty. Li Shi-zhen said: "It is found everywhere, and the one in Shu wins." Gangmu Volume 20 Eyelash Pour, Sichuan Dendrobium is used together with Sichuan Lovage Rhizome. The later book Jiangxueyuan Gufang Xuanzhu also specifically mentioned Sichuan Dendrobium and believed that "Sichuan Dendrobium enters the kidneys to clear away heat deficiency." It should be due to exposure to Li. Influenced by Shi-zhen, most materia medica in the Ming and Qing Dynasties believed that Dendrobium was produced in Sichuan. Representative remarks such as "materia medica Chengya Bangao" said: "Out of the Lu'an Valley, and Jingxiang, Hanzhong, Jiangzuo, Luzhou, In places like Taizhou and Wenzhou, the ones from Wenzhou are the most valuable. They say that they look like golden hairpins, but have a rotten smell. They are not as clean as those from Sichuan and have a clean smell. They don't want to be beautiful, but they give up the purity and use the turbidity." Bencao Chongyuan also has a similar saying: "A kind of hairpin is shaped like a gold hairpin, which is called Dendrobium. It is popular among the people. It is not as clean as the one produced in Sichuan. Its stem is one or two feet long, and its smell is good." It is clear, yellow-white and solid, and is best used as medicine." Benjing Fengyuan said: "There are the most types of Dendrobium, but Sichuan Dendrobium has a sweet and bland taste, and is yellow in color, so there is no risk of stomach damage." Bencao Qiuyuan said: "The ones produced in Sichuan are as yellow as gold, without any differences, with side branches like hairpins, medium-solid, sweet and short in taste." A slight exception is Bencao Congxin, who believes that Dendrobium "Wenzhou is the highest, Guangxi is slightly second, and Guangdong is the lowest." In short, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only due to the rise of Huoshan dendrobium in Anhui, but also due to the output of dendrobium in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangnan and even central Yunnan, although Sichuan dendrobium is famous, it has never been It can form a clear authentic advantage. Take the "Medicinal Materials Regulations" of the Shaanxi Xijing City (Xi'an City) Chinese Medicine Commercial Trade Association in the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940) as an example. The Dendrobium article in the book indicates the origin of Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, and Anhui. The Dendrobium article Note the production areas of Lianghu, Anhui, Sichuan and other provinces.