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Officinal Magnolia Bark is the dried bark, root bark and branch bark of the magnolia plant Officinal Magnolia Bark Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils. or the concave-leaf Officinal Magnolia Bark Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.var.biloba Rehd.et Wils., officinal Magnolia flower is the dried flower bud of the above two plants. Among them, Official Magnolia Bark is mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou and other provinces, with Guangyuan, Yingjing, Fengdu and Chengkou in Sichuan, and Enshi, Yichang and Lichuan in Hubei having the largest production volume. The product is customarily called Chuan Pu, also known as "Purple Purple Bark". Oil "Official Magnolia Bark", considered to be of better quality. Officinal Magnolia Bark is mainly produced in Longquan and Suichang in Zhejiang, Pucheng and Songxi in Fujian, and is also produced in Jiangxi. The product is customarily called Wenpu.

materia medica Research believes that: Bencao Jing Jizhu Magnolia plants of the genus Magnolia have been the mainstream of medicinal Officinal Magnolia Bark since Bencao Jing Jizhu, but the varieties do not seem to be completely consistent with current users. The medicinal history of Officinal Magnolia Bark produced in Sichuan can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Judging from its distribution, it may be Magnolia officinalis. The Officinal Magnolia Bark recorded in the local chronicles of Zhejiang in the Southern Song Dynasty may be the concave-leaf Officinal Magnolia Bark, which was more produced in Fujian during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

【Variety Research】

Officinal Magnolia Bark contains Bencao Jing The middle grade of the Wood Department, "Shuowen" "Thick, heavy", "Simple, wood bark", so Bielu is a thick-skinned person, and "Guangya" weighs the heavy-skinned skin. In the sentence "szechuan lovage rhizome Officinal Magnolia Bark Guiguilou" in "Jijiupian", Yan Shigu notes: "Officinal Magnolia Bark, a thick-skinned person." The bark is called Chipu. All wood bark is called Pu. This tree has thick bark, so it is named Official Magnolia Bark." Bielu records that there are two places of origin: Jiaozhi, Yuanju, Yuanju in There is no record of the distribution of Magnolia officinalis in Shandong Province today in Heze, Shandong Province, or it may refer to other plants. It is worth noting that Bielu also mentioned that Official Magnolia Bark "its tree is named Hazel, and its child is named Zhuzhe", and said that the effect of Zhuzhe is: "curing rat fistula, improving vision, tonifying qi." ” And in Bielu’s “Famous but Not Used”, Zhuzhe is reappeared: “Zhuzhe, kills rats, tonifying qi improving vision. A lily bulb, thick. Growing among trees, stems yellow, seven The moon is as black as soybeans." Comparing the effects, the "Zhuzhe" in the two places should be the same thing, but the Zhuzhe Tao Hong-jing comment in the "named but not used" place says: "Eucommia Bark is also known as Zhuzhe." "Whether this is the word "Zhuzhe" that slipped into the Official Magnolia Bark article, or whether the Officinal Magnolia Bark used in the Han Dynasty is originally the bark of the birch plant Hazel, is unknown, but Bielu said that Zhuzhe "July is as black as soybeans", so it is probably not a magnolia plant.

The one described in "Collected Notes" is close to the present species. Tao Hong-jing said: "Officinal Magnolia Bark comes from Jianping and Yidu. It is very thick. The flesh is purple and the flesh is purple. The shell is thin and white. It is not good." It is basically the same as the purple and oily Officinal Magnolia Bark now produced in Sichuan and Hubei, and may be the genuine Magnolia officinalis.

Bencao Tujing said: "The tree is three to four feet high and one or two feet in diameter. Its spring leaves are like oak leaves, which will never wither in all seasons. The safflower is green and solid, the skin is extremely scaly and thick, and the purple color is moist. The ones that are thin and white are not good." According to Su Song, "the spring leaves are like oak leaves" and "the safflower is green and solid, and the skin is very wrinkled and thick." It seems to be the Wudang Magnolia Magnolia sorengeri Pamp. of the same genus. "Zheng Lei" depicts Shangzhou Officinal Magnolia Bark and Guizhou Officinal Magnolia Bark. Among them, Shangzhou Officinal Magnolia Bark has large and obvious lenticels. The leaves are large and false whorled at the ends of the branches. The flowers are large and solitary at the top of the young branches. The perianth and carpels are free, so it can be roughly determined to be the authentic Officinal Magnolia Bark. As for the Guizhou Officinal Magnolia Bark, based on its leaf shape, phyllotaxis and stem branching pattern, it seems to be a plant of the genus Manglietia, not a plant of the genus Magnolia. This type of plant is called "Officinal Magnolia Bark" in Volume 38 of Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao. Wu Qijun said: "Officinal Magnolia Bark was born in Jianchang (now Nancheng, Jiangxi), and it is also a big tree. It has leaves. Opposite, thick handle, several feet long, green face and white back, quite brittle, young leaves on the branches curled like wooden pens. It tastes pungent and fragrant, and the native people use it instead of Official Magnolia Bark, which is also effective. "According to his painting. That is Manglietia yuyuanensis Law.

Bencao Mengquan The picture of Officinal Magnolia Bark drawn is based on the Shangzhou Officinal Magnolia Bark in "Zheng Lei", but it is more detailed, (Figure 1) can also be regarded as Magnolia officinalis. The most strange thing is Bencao Gangmu's record about Officinal Magnolia Bark. It is said that Li Shi-zhen's hometown has genuine Officinal Magnolia Bark distributed today, but Gangmu is not familiar with Officinal Magnolia Bark plants. The description is very different, Li Yun: "The skin of the hackberry tree is white and the flesh is purple, and the leaves are like pips (the two characters are Jinling edition, according to the collation, the Hubei edition is elm leaves, the stone edition is barberry leaves, and the other editions are oak leaves), five It blooms finely in June and is as strong as glossy privet fruit. It grows green when ripe and is red with a core. It is picked in July and August and tastes sweet." If this sentence is understood in terms of elm leaves, it should refer to the hackberry tree Celtis sinensis Pers. ., in other words, Li Shi-zhen seems to have misunderstood "Official Magnolia Bark" as the thick bark of the hackberry tree. Is this an accidental mistake by Li Shi-zhen, or does he simply not know the Officinal Magnolia Bark plant? It is probably the latter, because the medicine picture of Officinal Magnolia Bark drawn in the Jinling edition of Gangmu is also consistent with the description in the text (Figure 2), while in the Zhang Shaotang edition published in the Qing Dynasty, the medicine picture of Officinal Magnolia Bark was extracted. Replace it with a magnolia plant similar to Guizhou Official Magnolia Bark in "Zheng Lei". (Picture 3)

The confusion among material medics about the origin of Officinal Magnolia Bark lasted until the Qing Dynasty. Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao In addition to the mention of Manglietia in Volume 38, the origin of Officinal Magnolia Bark is mentioned in Volume 33 of the same book. The Officinal Magnolia Bark article says, "The leaves of those grown in southern Yunnan are like mulberry leaves, with wild lines and deep teeth, and are as big as peas. They are called Yunpu, and they are also produced in Maosichuan." Volume 36 Yunnan Officinal Magnolia Bark article says: "Yunnan Officinal Magnolia Bark grows in the mountains of Yunnan. It is a big tree with thick leaves and a fruit as strong as a bean. It is the Sichuan Official Magnolia Bark tree. It is specially made of different species and is used by Yunnan doctors." The two pictures and texts in the book seem to be reversed, as shown in Volume 36 The corresponding text of "Yunnan Officinal Magnolia Bark" is "Leaves like mulberry leaves, with messy lines and deep teeth". The original plant may be Ehretia corylifolia C.H.Wright, a southwestern rough tree of the family Ehretia corylifolia C.H.Wright, (Figure 4) and the Officinal Magnolia Bark is painted in Volume 33 The corresponding text is Yunnan Officinal Magnolia Bark, which was identified as Long-beaked Magnolia or Yunnan-Burma Officinal Magnolia Bark Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith in "Commonly Used Chinese Materia Medica Variety Collection and Quality Research".

Although there are different opinions about the original plant of Officinal Magnolia Bark in materia medica during the Ming and Qing dynasties, we do not think there was much confusion about the true origin of Officinal Magnolia Bark at that time. After all, Officinal Magnolia Bark has been available since Tao Hong-jing. It is emphasized that thick skin, purple flesh and strong oiliness are better. As the "Processing Treatise" says, "It is better to use purple and pungent taste". The Officinal Magnolia Bark phenol contained in the genuine Officinal Magnolia Bark has the effect of regulating gastrointestinal motility. , volatile oil has obvious stomach strengthening and dispelling wind effects. These effects are very consistent with Chinese medicine’s discussion of Officinal Magnolia Bark regulating qi to break accumulation. It is also difficult for other plants to replace it. Therefore, Magnolia plants may have always been the mainstream of medicinal use, and at the same time The bark of other genera or plants of other families has always been just a confused product or a local customary product, and has never become a genuine medicinal product.

As for official magnolia flower, it is a medicinal material used in recent times. It is generally believed that it was first recorded in Wang Yiren's Yinpian Xincan in 1935. It is said that its taste is slightly bitter and warm in nature. Spleen and stomach dampness turbidity." According to the "Medicinal Materials Regulations" of the Shaanxi Xijing City (Xi'an City) Traditional Chinese Medicine Trade Association in the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), there is also an article about official magnolia flower, which states that its medicinal properties are bitter, pungent, and mild, and its efficacy is "harmful to the spleen and stomach, fast The diaphragm is broad and the chest is wide." The officinal magnolia flower Chinese materia medica of different ages has a pungent nature and taste. It is mainly used to "purge qi and dissipate dampness, calm the stomach and regulate the body, eliminate blood stasis and dissolve food, and relieve vomiting and diarrhea."

[ History of the Road】

"Fan Zi Ji Ran" said that Official Magnolia Bark came from Hongnong. Bielu said: "Jiaozhi is born, and the injustice is said". Jiaozhi is in today's Vietnam, and the injustice refers to today's It is unclear whether the variety of Shandong Heze is consistent with the current users.

The "Collected Notes" states: "Officinal Magnolia Bark came from Jianping and Yidu", which is located at the junction of Chongqing and Hubei. Qianjin Yifang ﹒ "Officinal Magnolia Bark" records that Shangzhou came out of Shangzhou. Shangzhou is in today's Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province. "New Book of Tang Dynasty" "Geographical Chronicles" records Longzhou Tugong Officinal Magnolia Bark. Longzhou is in Pingwu County, Sichuan today. Volume 6 of "Yunxian Miscellaneous Notes" in the late Tang Dynasty quotes "Qiongyou Ji" as saying: "If you pick the Officinal Magnolia Bark in Sichuan after drinking, the purple color will scatter and you will be unable to use it." This clearly indicates that Sichuan is the best, but it is a pity that it is not specified. Specific place of origin.

The medicinal Official Magnolia Bark used in the Song Dynasty is described in "Illustrations", and it seems that Wudang Magnolia is the authentic product. Su Song said: "Today, it is often found in the valleys of western Beijing, Shaanxi, Jianghuai, Hunan, and Sichuan, and it is known as Catalpa. Those from Zhouzhou and Longzhou are the best." "Yanyi" also emphasizes that the ones from Santai (Zizhou) in Sichuan are the best: "There are also those in Yiyang County and Shangzhou in Xijing today, but they are thin and light in color, not as thick as those from Zizhou. And purple has oil."

The origin advantage of Sichuan Official Magnolia Bark during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was still maintained, and "Pinhui Essence" cited Sichuan as its authentic place. , Bencao Mengquan mentioned: "Shaanxi has many Sichuan and Sichuan provinces, and those from Zizhou are the only ones to win." "Drug Production Analysis" contains: "The Sichuan Dajian stove is the right one." Figure 5 is from the Republic of China. Instructions for selling Ziyauchuan Official Magnolia Bark at Hongji Ginseng and Rong Pharmacy in Fuyingtang, Peking.

The description of the plant form of Officinal Magnolia Bark in ancient documents is relatively rough, and even if the relevant authors visually inspect the plant, sometimes they still follow the wrong descriptions of their predecessors. Today, the genuine Officinal Magnolia Bark and its variant Concave-leaf Officinal Magnolia Bark Magnolia officinalis var are used. The main difference between biloba is that the apex of the leaf is concave into two blunt lobes. Therefore, the situation of the concave-leaf Official Magnolia Bark can only be roughly speculated based on the records of the place of origin. Volume 4 of "Kuiji Xuzhi" of Zhejiang Province in the Southern Song Dynasty says: "Officinal Magnolia Bark comes from Yanzhong, "Pingquan Caomu Ji" Jishan's Torreya juniper, and Yanxi's Officinal Magnolia Bark." This seems to be consistent with the origin of the concave leaf Officinal Magnolia Bark. The "Fujian General Chronicles" of the Qing Dynasty records that the medicine of Jianning Prefecture (now Jianou) belongs to Officinal Magnolia Bark. Before that, the "Pucheng County Chronicles" of Wanli of the Ming Dynasty and Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty also recorded that Officinal Magnolia Bark was produced in Pucheng County, Fujian Province. The variety should also be concave leaf. Officinal Magnolia Bark.