[content]

Pineilia Tuber is used today as the dry rhizome of the jackinthepulpit tuber plant Pineilia Tuber Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. The Pineilia Tuber plant is widely distributed and is mainly produced in Suining, Anyue, Zhaojue, Sichuan, Wanzhou, Chongqing, Jingzhou, Wuchang, Hubei, Laohekou, Xiangyang, Yangxin, Tianmen, Runan, Lingbao, Lushi in Henan, Jinxiang and Juye in Shandong, Huaining, Ningguo, Xuancheng in Anhui and other places.

materia medica Research believes that: Pineilia Tuber was named because of the growing season, and the early variety is unknown. The current use of Pinelia ternata probably started in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Although it is occasionally confused with other plants of the same family during use, this variety has always been a medicinal Use mainstream. Pineilia Tuber is distributed in various places. Since the Song Dynasty, the production in Qizhou (now Licheng), Shandong Province has been the most praised. Since the Republic of China, with the increase in production in Hubei, Sichuan, Henan and other places, Shandong's production location advantage has gradually declined.

【Variety Research】

The name Pineilia Tuber first appeared in the Book of Rites. "Moon Order": "In the midsummer month, Deer Horn is solved, the cicadas begin to sing, Pineilia Tuber is born, and the wood pansy is blooming." "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" and "Huainan Zi" are all the same, "Jijiupian" "Pineilia Tuber chinese honeylocust fruit Ai In the sentence "搐我", Yan Shigu notes: "Pineilia Tuber, the seedlings begin to grow in May and live in the middle of summer, so they are named." Obviously, this kind of Pineilia Tuber was named because it was born in the fifth month of the lunar calendar, which is consistent with The biological characteristics of Pineilia Tuber, a plant of the jackinthepulpit tuber family used in later generations, do not match this. Regarding this, both Sun Xingyan and Mori Lizhi implicitly expressed their doubts in their works. Sun Ji's Bencao Jing Pineilia Tuber's note quotes "Yue Ling" as "Pineilia Tuber was born in February". This is the case in almost all Sun Ji's and Huang Shi's Ji. It is obviously changed to "May." ” as “February” should not be regarded as a version error, but intentional. Pineilia Tuber Bencao Jing is a water jade, and Sun Xingyan also said: "In "The Biography of Immortals", Yun Chi pine nut took water jade to teach Shen Nong, which is another name for Pineilia Tuber." According to the story of Chi pine nut, see "The Immortals" According to the "Biography" volume, if the "water jade" taken by red pine nut is Pineilia Tuber, it is indeed inconsistent with the drug's status as a low-grade drug in Bencao Jing. Mori Tatsuyuki explained "Pineilia Tuber born in May" from another angle. Bencao Jing's Notes" This article says: "There are two kinds of leaves: thin and broad, and two kinds of flowers: purple and white. "Pineilia Tuber" grows in May, which is the same as "lily bulb" and "lily bulb". This is the tender roots falling to the ground and sprouting. "Yue Ling" says that Pineilia tuber grows in May, this is what it means. "Sen Lizhi The May-born Pineilia Tuber is interpreted as the bulbils at the lower part of the petiole. In fact, no matter how the explanation is twisted, until the Han Dynasty, the medicinal Pineilia Tuber was probably not the variety used today.

Pineilia Tuber in Wei and Jin literature should be close to this type. Mingyi Bielu mentioned that "raw makes people vomit, cooked makes people vomit. Use the soup to wash it and make it smooth." Tao Hong- Jing also said: "Before using it, wash it with soup for ten times to remove the slippery and harmful effects on the throat." Modern research suggests that the 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde glucoside contained in raw Pineilia Tuber has a sticky membrane stimulating effect. , can induce vomiting. This component is destroyed when heated, while other heat-resistant components have anti-vomiting effects. As for the "slippery" mentioned in the two books, this should be used to describe the mucus quality of the mucus cells contained in the tubers of Pineilia Tuber. In addition, "Wupu materia medica" describes Pineilia Tuber in terms of plant characteristics: "A nun, born in Weiqiu, or in the wild. The leaves are three to three and they appear in February. The white flowers are round." Basically consistent with the characteristics of Pinellia ternata today.

Since about the Tang Dynasty, the relationship between several drugs derived from the jackinthepulpit tuber family: Tiger Palm, Youba, jackinthepulpit tuber and Pineilia Tuber has become ambiguous, which laid the foundation for the confusion of Pineilia Tuber varieties in later generations. Foreshadowing. They are used interchangeably, and their functions are different. When I asked the southerners, they said that Miao was from Youba. Tao's note said that the tiger's palm is very similar to Pineilia Tuber. The note from Youba said that Iris was said to be iris. In this note, it seems to be said from Youba. Three things are confused. , Tao Zhong didn't know it." Su Jing's passage reveals the confusion between Pineilia Tuber, Youba, and Huzhang in the Tang Dynasty, but it seems unreasonable to attribute the confusion to Tao Hong-jing. Let's clarify one by one:

1. Tiger Palm is also recorded in Bencao Jing. Tao Hong-jing said: "There are also shortcuts, similar in shape to Pineilia Tuber, but they are both large and have legs on the four sides, like Tiger Palm. . Now use more broken ones or three or four tablets." Su Jing criticized: "This medicine is from Basu. Its seedling has one stem, one leaf at the stem head, and branches and stems. The root is as big as a fist, and the root is as small as a fist. Chicken eggs are like flat persimmons, with round teeth on the sides, which look like tiger palms, hence the name. The stems are new roots, which are two or three times larger than Pineilia Tuber, but there are no teeth on the sides. Tao Yun's tiger palms are like Pineilia Tuber means Youba; we call Youba Pineilia Tuber; the name Youba Miaoquan refers to iris, and southerners still use Youba as Pineilia Tuber." According to Tao Hong-jing, tiger palm should be jackinthepulpit tuber. Pineilia Tuber Pinellia pedatisecta Schott, and Su Jing mentioned that the tubers of Tiger Palm are "as big as a fist, and as small as a chicken egg", which far exceeds the standard of tubers of the genus Pinellia, and may be a member of the same family, rivier giantarum rhizome Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu . Grade I of the Song Dynasty set things right, Shu Bencao Bencao Tujing's description of tiger palm plants, and Zhenglei Bencao's painting of tiger palm medicine in Jizhou are all consistent with Like Tao Hong-jing, it directly points to the palm leaf Pineilia Tuber. Among them, Su Song's description is the most accurate: "The initial root is as big as a bean, and gradually grows like Pineilia Tuber and becomes flat. Over time, the root becomes round and inch-deep. Like a chicken egg, there are two or three, or five or six, round teeth growing around the circumference. Seedlings are born in March and April, more than a foot high, with a single stem, with leaves like claws, five or six, pointed and round. Seven or eight are born in one nest. The stem has a stem that is used as an ear, straight up like a rat's tail, with a leaf in the middle like a spoon, wrapped around the stem to make a house, with a mouth on the side, pointed up and down, with flowers in the middle, slightly green and brown, strong as big as pockmarks, white when ripe. It falls to the ground. One child gives birth to one nest. In September, take out the roots of the seedlings and soak them in soup for five or seven days. When the soup is cold, it will be easy. Change it three or four times a day. Wash off the saliva, dry it and use it, or use it again. . Today, people in Jizhou plant it in their vegetable gardens and call it jackinthepulpit tuber." It seems that since the Song Dynasty, there has been a tendency to use Pineilia Tuber as jackinthepulpit tuber. Because of this, Bencao Gangmu mistakenly referred to it as jackinthepulpit tuber. The plant was combined with jackinthepulpit tuber, which led to later generations calling this plant "Tiger Palm Southern Star" and making it a confusing product of jackinthepulpit tuber.
2. See the postscript in Bielu, Tao Hong-jing said: "It originally came out in the beginning, and now it is also planted in the capital. It looks like a black curtain and spreads on the ground, the flowers are purple, and the roots are like Prepared Common Monkshood Daughter Root." The simple description cannot tell what it is. Su Jing believes that what Tao mentioned is the root of iris. "Xinxiu" says: "From the postscript, looking for Tao's annotation, it is the root of iris, which is the head of the iris. From Postscript, people in southern China now think of Pineilia Tuber. Not only do they not know Pineilia Tuber, but they also don’t know the difference between the postscript and the iris." It is impossible to evaluate whether Su Jing’s judgment is correct or not, but according to the meaning of "Xinxiu", Hu The palm and Youba are actually one thing, that is, the tiger palm quoted above "is the place where Youba resides", and "Youba is the new root." Since the tiger palm mentioned by Su Jing is rivier giantarum rhizome, Youba Dang is an annual or at most biennial seedling of rivier giantarum rhizome. This can be proved by Chen Cang-qi Bencao Shiyi's description of Youba : "Youba seedlings are one or two feet tall, like konjac, with roots like chicken eggs, growing under the forest, so-called Youba." "Youba seedlings" are written as "konjac", which is newly published in Kaibao, Bencao Tujing jackinthepulpit tuber Tiao Yun said: "Now the seedlings of Youba are one or two feet tall, the stems are like konjac without stems, and the roots are like chicken eggs." It turns out that Youba is indeed a seedling of Amorphophallus rivieri, and its smaller tuber pretends to be Pineilia. Tuber.
3. The jackinthepulpit tuber entered materia medica relatively late. Bencao Shiyi mentioned: "Grown in the Andong Valley, the leaves are like lotus and the stems are single, and the roots are the best." "Kaibao" says: " It is born in Pingze and can be found everywhere. The leaves are like konjac leaves and the roots are like taro. Pick them in February and August." "Illustrated Book": "The seedlings born in February are like lotus petiole. The stems are more than one foot high and the leaves are like konjac. The two branches embrace each other. The flowers bloom in May like snake heads, yellow, and in July they bear ears like pomegranate seeds, red. The roots are round like taro, and the roots are picked in February and August. They are also similar to konjac roots, and many people pick them by mistake. Stem class The purple flower is konjac. One said jackinthepulpit tuber, as materia medica said, is the tiger's palm. The name of the smaller one was adopted by the postscript, and later generations adopted it, so it was given a different name. Nowadays, the larger one, jackinthepulpit tuber, has children on all four sides. Cut it off when possible." Although the jackinthepulpit tuber described by various schools in the Tang and Song Dynasties has different words, it can basically be identified as a plant of the genus Arisaema in the family Arisaema. From then on, Bencao Gangmu Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao and others mistakenly regarded the tiger palm of the genus Pinellia and the jackinhead of the genus Amorphophallus as jackinthepulpit tuber, which added to the confusion. The confusion between jackinthepulpit tuber and Pineilia Tuber has already appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Hou Ning-ji's "Drug Name Book" uses "Pineilia Tuber Essence" to allude to jackinthepulpit tuber.

Zhiwu Mingshi TukaoPineilia Tuber

Although there has been confusion about Pineilia Tuber since the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Wu Pu materia medica" said "Ye Sansan" "Couple", as a plant characteristic of Pineilia Tuber, has remained unchanged, such as Shu Bencao ﹒ "Illustrated Book" says: "The seedling has one stem and three leaves at the end of the stem. There are two roots that overlap each other, the upper one is smaller and the lower one is larger. If you pick it in May, it will be empty and small, and if you pick it in August, it will be big." Bencao Tujing Supplement It is said: "There is a stem of seedlings born in February, and there are three leaves at the end of the stem. They are light green, quite like common lophatherum and light. Those in the south of the Yangtze River have white peony root leaves." This is what Volume 24 of "Tu Kao" says: "Pineilia Tuber 1 The stem has three leaves, and there are no different words in all the books." Combined with the illustrations in "Zheng Lei", "Pin Hui Jing Yao" Gangmu and "Illustrations", (Figure 1), it is undoubtedly Pinellia ternata.

【Evolution of the Dao Di】

"Fan Zi Ji Ran" said that Pineilia Tuber "comes from three auxiliaries and is white in color." It is now Nanzheng County, Shaanxi Province. Tao Hong-jing said: "Huaili belongs to Fufeng. Now it is the first to leave Qingzhou and also in Wuzhong." In addition, Volume 992 of "Taiping Yulan" quotes "Guangzhou Ji" "Pineilia Tuber came out of Zhangguang County", and also quoted "Jiankang Ji" "Pineilia Tuber came out of Jiankang, which is extremely fine."

Pineilia Tuber is widely used today. Guang, "Xinxiu" mentioned that "Pineilia Tuber is everywhere", Qianjin Yifang ﹒ The medicine came out of the state. Pineilia Tuber was paid tribute to three places: Henan Prefecture, Runzhou and Xuanzhou. The Song Dynasty's "Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji" Tu Gong Pineilia Tuber has three places in Henan Prefecture, Tangzhou and Rongzhou. In addition, the "Lin'an Chronicle", "Sanshan Chronicle", "Chicheng Chronicle", "Haiyan Chanshui Chronicle" and "Jiankang Chronicle" compiled in the Southern Song Dynasty are all It is mentioned that Pineilia Tuber was produced in this place, but the most authentic place of production of Pineilia Tuber in the Song Dynasty was Qizhou, which is now Licheng County, Shandong Province. Not only did "Zhenglei" specifically draw Qizhou Pineilia Tuber, Bencao Tujing He also said: "Nowadays, it is found everywhere, and the one in Qizhou is the best." Bencao Yanyi ﹒ Preface "Qizhou Pineilia Tuber, together with Shangdang ginseng root, Sichuan Chinese Angelica, and Huazhou Manchurian Wildginger, are also known as "Sushen Liangfang" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. >Furen Daquan Liangfang Shiyi Dexiao Fang also uses Qizhou Pineilia Tuber. Kong Pingzhong's poem "Changfu Sends Pineilia Tuber" vividly describes the interesting story of Pineilia Tuber sent by an old friend from Qizhou, which was eaten by his family and was almost poisoned. The poem goes: "There are many Pineilia Tuber in Qizhou, and they are collected from Queshan Yang. Lots of round Qie Bai, sent to the general from thousands of miles away. The bride unwrapped it for the first time, and the disciples were overjoyed. They all said that it had been legalized, and there was no slipperiness to taste. The eldest son occupied it forcefully, sitting upright and scolding the four sides. The second daughter came out of her armpit, and she was half dead after grabbing it. The little girl was doing a crab crawl, and the nurses were fighting each other. They separated their heads and chewed, only to forget about their love. After a while, they were stung by pungent, and they discarded the rest and couldn't hide it. They touched their tongues with their hands, and the whole hall was filled with cries. The father was laughing and startled, and he was in urgent need of it. Make a taste of ginger. The mid-afternoon period is slightly fixed, and the lamps and candles will be lit for a long time. The big Jun sows all things, and does not choose the good or the bad. The tiger's palm comes out of the deep valley, and the kite's head covers the high hills. Spring grass is good at killing fish, and wild kudzu can pull people's intestines. Each one I would like to ask who has the opinion. Although the water jade has a good name, it was recorded by Shennong. The outside is bright and clean, but the inside is strong and strong. However, it contains poison and hurts the entrance. I like to take medicine, and it can be prevented like this. It is an urgent matter for our generation, and I feel so alarmed that I wrote this chapter."

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Pineilia Tuber mostly came from Qizhou, Shandong Province, see "Pinhui Jingyao" Bencao Gangmu and others; in the recent "Medicine" "Production Bian" believes that "Jingzhou, Hubei Province is the best"; Zheng Xiaoyan's Weiyao Tiaobian only said that Pineilia Tuber "is found everywhere in Qingqi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang", while Cao Bingzhang's updated version maintains that the best ones are from Fuyang, Hangzhou, and Quzhou Those from Yanzhou and Yanzhou are also good, while those from Sichuan and Jingzhou are inferior; in the early years of the Republic of China, the medicinal material of Pineilia Tuber in Xiheniantang, Beijing, also stated "plant grass roots, produced in Jining", which is still correct from Shandong; another According to the "Pineilia Tuber" origin item in the "Rules of Medicinal Materials" of the Shaanxi Xijing City (Xi'an City) Traditional Chinese Medicine Trade Association in the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), "Sichuan, Jiangnan, and northern provinces", the "Fermented Pineilia" article in the same book states: " Baoning, Sichuan is the best.” In fact, until the Republic of China, except for Shandong, Pineilia Tuber did not seem to have truly formed a large number of genuine regions. Perhaps because of this, "Chinese Genuine Regional Materia Medica" listed this product as a southern medicine, and "Genuine Regional Materia Medica" listed it as a southern medicine. In the Hubei Province of Zhongnan Volume, "Chinese Materia Medica Commodity Science" is classified as Sichuan medicine, and the relevant quality research is included in the "Commonly Used Chinese Materia Medica Variety Collection and Quality Research (Northern Edition)" Volume 1. Therefore, the relevant provinces Artificial planting can be carried out in any area based on the cultivation background of this product.