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Today, Amur Cork-Tree is the dry bark of the beautiful steetgum resin plant Phellodendron chinense Schneid., commonly known as "Sichuan Amur Cork-Tree"; Amur Cork-Tree is the beautiful steetgum resin plant Phellodendron amurense Rupr. of dry bark. Amur Cork-Tree is mainly produced in Dujiangyan, Maoxian, Emeishan and Nanchong; Bijie, Zunyi, Anshun and Xingyi in Guizhou; Fengxian, Yangxian, Luonan, Ankang and Ziyang in Shaanxi; Zhuxi and Chongyang in Hubei; Zhaotong and Tengchong in Yunnan and other regions, with Sichuan and Guizhou producing the largest quantities. Guan Amur Cork-Tree is mainly produced in Gaiping, Xiuyan and Haicheng in Liaoning, Dunhua, Tonghua and Huadian in Jilin, Zhangbei, Yuxian and Chengde in Hebei. It is also produced in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, with the largest output in Liaoning.

materia medica Research believes that before the Tang Dynasty, the so-called barberry included the beautiful steetgum resin genus Phellodendron and the genus Berberis. Xinxiu Bencao began to list the genus Berberis separately, and barberry or Phellodendron sp. is called Phellodendron sp. Since the fifth generation Shu Bencao, medicinal Amur Cork-Tree has been produced in Sichuan, and Phellodendron chinense is the authentic variety. As for Phellodendron amurense, which is mainly produced outside the customs, it has become the authentic Amur Cork-Tree, which is the same as the Qing Dynasty. related to the special political environment.

【Variety Research】

Amur Cork-Tree, compiled by Sun Xingyan Bencao Jing as "barberry", Senli's original version as "tiller wood", and other editions as "汱木" ”, “汱木”. According to "Shuowen", "barberry" should be used as the orthographic character. Xu Shen said: "Barberry means yellow wood." However, the Eastern Han Dynasty did use it to refer to barberry medicinal materials. Zheng Xuan's note in "Kaogong Ji" states: "蜜, read as the tiller of the medicine phellodendron bark." Duan Yucai's explanation is quite reasonable: "Yellow wood, Bencao Jing The barberry tree is also called tanhuan, and it is customary to add grass to make tillers." As for "櫱" and "汱", the correct pronunciation is niè, and its original meaning refers to the regenerated buds of trees. "櫱" is also pronounced as bò in "Lei Pian" , interpreted as yellow wood, is actually a corruption of "tiller".

Written as "barberry" or "tiller", it seems that it is just a formal distinction in words. In fact, in the Han Dynasty, it may directly relate to the name of this product. Barberry wood has been used as dye since ancient times. Sima Xiangru's "Zixu Fu" "Barberry leaves Zhu Yang", Zhang Ji notes: "Barberry, the skin can be dyed." Zeng Ji's "Leishuo" Volume 47 orpiment article says: "The ancients wrote The books are all made of yellow paper, dyed with barberry, so they are free of worms, so they are called yellow scrolls." Bao Zhao's poem "The yellow silk is dyed by cutting tillers, and the yellow silk is in turmoil and cannot be cured." beautiful steetgum resin can be contained in yellow bark trees, etc. Yellow-stained berberine, there should be no problem in considering this type of plant as the source of barberry in the Han Dynasty. But from another perspective, the yellow bark tree is a tall tree, up to 15-20 meters. It is difficult to imagine that the word "barberry" as an tree will be added with the word "barberry" on the basis of the existing symbol "wood". The possibility of "艸" head written as "culm wood" is indeed very small. Berberidaceae plants are generally small shrubs of 1-3 meters, and also contain yellow berberine. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the Han Dynasty also used Various species of Berberis sp. may be barberry trees.

This kind of confusion still existed in the Tao Hong-jing era. "Ji Zhu" says: "It is rooted in Taoism's entry of Muzhi, which people today don't know how to adopt. There is also a small tree, shaped like a pomegranate, with yellow skin and Bitter, the common name is the tiller, which also controls aphtha. It is another small tree with many thorns and yellow skin, which also controls aphtha." Tao Hong-jing mentioned the kind of barberry that "Taoism enters the wood and zhipin", see Baopuzi Internal Chapter﹒ Immortal Medicine": "Thousand-year-old phellodendron bark has roots under the tree, which are like three dendrobiums. Remove one or two feet of the original plant and connect them with thin roots like a thread. Take the end of it and take it. If you take one piece, you will become an immortal." This kind of kind. The barberry should be a plant of the genus Phellodendron of the beautiful steetgum resin family, while Tao Shuo has a low-growing plant, such as a pomegranate tree, and the thorny barberry is a plant of the genus Berberis of the Berberidaceae family.

The "New Revision" officially classified the Berberis plants mixed in the barberry sticks as barberry sticks, calling barberry a mountain pomegranate. Su Jing said: "The branches and leaves are the same as those of pomegranates, but the flowers are different and the seeds are thin. Black, round like a plum. It can be found in mountains and rocks, and the ones from Xiangyang, Xian, and Shandong are good. There are two kinds of Tao trees attached to tillers, one of which is this. Tao Yun has yellow skin, but its tree has white skin. Today it is too often. The ones stored are those with spiny leaves, which are called white-thorn tillers, not small tillers." Under the barberry wood, Su Jing said: "The tillers are called mountain pomegranates, and the other is like ligustrum. The skin is white and not yellow, so it is also called small tillers. , where there is, today's clouds have yellow skin, which may be ridiculous. According to today's custom, tillers are all thorny small trees, so they are called thorn tillers, not small tillers." Combined with Bencao Shiyi's description of barberry: "Small tillers are like pomegranates with yellow skin and red seeds, such as Barbary Wolfberry Fruit and Radde Anemone Rhizome. People cut the branches to dye them yellow. If the clouds are black and round, they may be something else, not small tillers." "Xinhua Materia Medica Compendium" It is presumed to be Berberis silva-taroucana Schneid., for the time being. Since the Tang Dynasty, barberry, or barberry, refers specifically to plants of the genus Phellodendron of the beautiful steetgum resin family, and is no longer confused with barberry.

Shu Bencao The medicines recorded are mainly from Sichuan, and the correct name is Huang Bo , there is a saying: "The phellodendron bark tree is several feet high, the leaves are like Medicinal Evodia Fruit, like purple toon, the skin is yellow, and its roots are like Indian bread under the pine tree. It is here today. It was originally in the valleys of Chufang, Shang, and Hezhou, and the bark is tight and thick. Two to three points, the bright yellow ones are on top, and the skins are dried in February and May." From the perspective of resource distribution, this product is classified as Phellodendron chinense and its variants, which is roughly right.

Bencao Tujing still emphasizes that "those from Sichuan are better." Su Song said: "The wood is several feet high, and the leaves are like dogwood and catalpa leaves. They will not wither through the winter, and the skin is white on the outside and deep on the inside. "Yellow." The "Shangzhou Phellodendron" painted in "Zheng Lei" should be Phellodendron chinense (Figure 1). As for the other Phellodendron chinense, the leaves are clustered in close clusters and the thorns are deliberately prominent, so it seems not suitable to be classified as a Phellodendron chinense.

After that, "The Essentials of Pinhui" Bencao Mengquan Bencao Gangmu "Wild Vegetables Bolu" Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao and other books, or Amur Cork-Tree, or Amur Cork-Tree, is almost always part of the Phellodendron chinense family.

As for Phellodendron amurense, which is mainly distributed outside the customs, its emergence as a genuine medicinal product may be related to the Manchus’ entry into the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty. According to Volume 10 of "Shengjing Tongzhi", Emperor Qianlong wrote a poem in Shengjing: "Rotten red apricots and red peaches, "Fan Bai Zhi and Huang Qiang", this is probably the earliest source of literature about Amur Cork-Tree.

【Evolution of the Road】

Bencao Jing Bielu The barberry wood "was born in Hanzhong Valley and Yongchang", Tao Hong-jing said: "Now it is out of Shaoling Those who are thin and light in color are the best, while those who come from Dongshan are thick and light in color." At that time, Sichuan production was not considered the best.

The origin of Amur Cork-Tree in the Tang Dynasty was mainly between Sichuan and Shaanxi. Volume 25 of "Yuanhe County Chronicles" Wuxing Mountain, Shunzheng County, Xingzhou "Duoqi and Huangbo", "New Tang Book" "Geographical Chronicles" Jinzhou Hanyin County Tugong Huangbo, its land is all in the area of ​​Hanzhong and Hanyin County in Shaanxi today. Shu Bencao of the Five Dynasties clearly stated that "the ones in Shu are the best". From then on , Materia Medica Fang Zhi of the past dynasties mostly regarded Amur Cork-Tree from Sichuan as the best. There are many documents and do not cite too much. "Addition of Counterfeit Medicines" mentions the advantages and disadvantages of Sichuan Amur Cork-Tree and Guan Amur Cork-Tree: "The Amur Cork-Tree from Nanchong County, Shunqing Prefecture, Sichuan is Sichuan Amur Cork-Tree, with an old yellow color, yellow and black skin inside and outside, and flakes. The smaller ones can be used as dyes. The ones grown in Hunan and Guandong are Guan cypress, with very large and thin pieces and light yellow color."