title | Southern Adenophora, Northern Adenophora |
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source | Yukezhai |
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There are two types of coastal glehnia root in use today: Fourleaf Ladybell Root, which is the dry root of the platycodon root family plant, coastal glehnia root Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. or coastal glehnia root Adenophora stricta Miq., and coastal glehnia root, which is the Apiaceae family. The dried roots of plant coral Glehnia littoralis Fr.Schmidt ex Miq. Fourleaf Ladybell Root is both cultivated and wild. Among them, coastal glehnia root is mainly produced in Guizhou, Henan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Jiangsu. Guizhou has the largest output, while Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang have good quality and are sold throughout the country. coastal glehnia root is distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and other provinces. Coastal glehnia root is mainly cultivated and produced in Laiyang, Umbrella, Penglai, Laoshan, Yantai and Wendeng in Shandong, Changli, Guoting, Dingxian and Anguo in Hebei, Lianyungang in Jiangsu, as well as Guangdong, Fujian and Liaoning. Among them, Laiyang Hu in Shandong The most famous ones are those from urban and rural areas, called Laiyang coastal glehnia root.
materia medica research believes that: coastal glehnia root was first recorded in Bencao Jing, but in early literature, plants of the platycodon root family Adenophora are often mistaken for ginseng root by materia medica experts, so the genuine coastal glehnia root What it is is rather unclear. In the Song Dynasty, Adenophora tetraphylla became the mainstream of medicinal use. The authentic Adenophora tetraphylla used today can be seen in the medicinal map of "Zheng Lei". From the Song Dynasty to the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, the coastal glehnia root has always been the one produced in the north. In the late stage [third stage] of the Qing Dynasty, Because the coral Glehnia littoralis of the Umbelliferae family is called "coastal glehnia root" and has almost replaced the authentic status of the coastal glehnia root of the platycodon root family in the north, the origin of the coastal glehnia root of the genus Adenophora was forced to move to the south and was called "Fourleaf" Ladybell Root". [Variety Review]Bencao Jing contains six kinds of ginseng. Except for purple ginseng, the other five ginseng belong to five elements, and each is divided into five according to Wuse zang-organs, Tao Hong-jing said: "The coastal glehnia root and ginseng root are the five ginseng roots. Their shapes are not exactly similar, but their main treatments are quite the same, so they both have ginseng names." Coastal glehnia root "Wu Pu" , Bielu are all aliased as "white ginseng". According to "Guangya", "painstaking, coastal glehnia root is also" Wang Nian Sun Shuzheng: "Sha Zhiyan is white." "Poetry﹒Xiaoya﹒皠叶" "The note says: Si, white. Today's common saying is that the word Si Bai is fresh, and the sound is similar between Qi and Lu. The ancient pronunciation of Si and Sha are similar, and both the root and the root are white, so it is called white ginseng, and it is also called coastal glehnia root." It is known that coastal glehnia root is named because of its white root color. Li Shi-zhen explained: "Coastal glehnia root is white in color and is suitable for sandy soil, hence the name." This is incorrect.
The morphological description of coastal glehnia root in early literature is relatively vague. For example, "Wu Pu" says: "White coastal glehnia root, born in March, is like sunflower, with green leaves, solid white like mustard, big white root like turnip, three "Moon Picking." "Collected Notes" says: "This is a shortcut, with clusters, leaves like wolfberries, and white and solid roots." Shu Bencao ﹒ "Illustrated Book" says: "The flowers are white, and the roots are like sunflower roots."Judging from the above description, it almost certainly does not refer to the platycodon root family Adenophora, and the ginseng root described by Tao Hong-jing is similar to this genus. Plant, ginseng root Tiao Tao's note: "The ginseng root has a straight stem with four or five opposite leaves and purple flowers." Shenlan Tiao Tao said: "The rhizomes are all similar to ginseng root, but the leaves are slightly different." Platycodon root says: "Today, there is a shepherd's purse that can cure dermatitis medicamentosa. The so-called disordered ginseng root is that it is not this platycodon root, and the leaves are very similar, but the underside of the sheath's purse leaves are smooth and hairless, which is different, and the leaves are not as good as "ginseng root is relative." Obviously, as criticized by "Xinxiu": "Tao said ginseng root, the seedlings are shepherd's purse, platycodon root, and I don't understand Gao Li's praise." According to Tao Hong-jing's description of ginseng root, shepherd's purse Adenophora are all plants of the genus Adenophora, or Adenophora trachelioides Maxim. This plant should be the one mentioned in "Illustrations": "There is a kind of panicled fameflower root in Jianghuai. The leaves are as small as spoons, similar to platycodon root, and the seedlings are long. One or two feet long, the leaves are opposite each other and have five or seven nodes. The roots are as soft as platycodon roots and have a very sweet taste. Purple flowers grow in autumn, with a green color. The roots are collected in spring and autumn and are not used as medicine." "Yanzhou ginseng root" as shown in "Zheng Lei" " and "Chuzhou ginseng root" are all plants of the genus Adenophora. Gangmu says: "The ones in Chuzhou are the seedling leaves of coastal glehnia root, the ones in Qinzhou and Yanzhou are all the seedling leaves of Adenophora, and the ones in Jianghuai are panicled fameflower. The root is also a shepherd's nut." What I saw is very true.
In the article coastal glehnia root of "Certificate", there are three pictures of coastal glehnia root medicine. Zizhou coastal glehnia root and Suizhou coastal glehnia root are both plants of the platycodon root family Adenophora. Among them, Zizhou coastal glehnia root should be identified as The genuine Adenophora tetraphylla is used today (Figure 1), and the Guizhou coastal glehnia root is believed to be an Umbelliferae plant. Judging from the origin and legend, it may be the Chuanminshen viloaceum Sheh et Shan used in later generations. Interestingly, the description text of "Illustrations" has divided coastal glehnia root into northern and southern categories. Su Song said: "Now it appears in Zi, Qi, Lu, and Suizhou, and it may be found in Jianghuai, Jing, and Huzhou counties. The seedlings grow. For a foot or two, there are clusters on the cliff. The leaves are like wolfberries and have forked teeth. In July, purple flowers bloom. The roots are like sunflower roots. The chopsticks are quite large, red and yellow, and the middle is white. The real ones are better. The roots are picked in February and August to dry out. . Those born in the south have thin and large leaves, white flowers, and white glue on the petals. This is a small difference." Different from the differentiation of southern coastal glehnia roots in later generations, Su Song means that those from the northern places are Excellent, according to the medicinal map, the original plants grown in Zizhou and Suizhou are all plants of the genus Adenophora.
Ming Dynasty Jiuhuang Bencao The discussion about coastal glehnia root further proves what Su Song said that there are authentic coastal glehnia root products of Adenophora in the north (Henan). "Relief from Famine" contains a total of three types of coastal glehnia root, namely coastal glehnia root, thin-leaf coastal glehnia root, almond-leaf coastal glehnia root, and coastal glehnia root. Zhu Xiao said: "It is also found on the edge of Taihang Mountain in Hui County today...and there is another Almond-leaf coastal glehnia root and fine-leaf coastal glehnia root have similar smells. However, there is no description of these two types of leaf seedlings in the "Illustrated Book" and they are not included in this article. They are all published in a separate article now. "According to this article. The medicinal picture shows the authentic coastal glehnia root Adenophora stricta used today. (Picture 2) Its fine-leaf coastal glehnia root should be the same plant as purple coastal glehnia root Adenophora paniculata Nannf., while the apricot-leaf coastal glehnia root is according to Mr. Xie Zongwan’s opinion. , a split-leaf coastal glehnia root Adenophora hunanensis Nannf. of the same genus. Until the Qing Dynasty, most literature still emphasized that the quality of coastal glehnia roots in the north was superior to those produced in the south. Benjing Fengyuan said: "There are two types of coastal glehnia roots, the north and the south. The ones produced in the north are hard and cold, and the ones produced in the south are weak. The strength is weak." Bencao Congxin The text is slightly the same. Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao Volume 7 coastal glehnia root article also says: "It is found everywhere, especially in the north and the Taihang Mountains." Therefore, in the Yongqian period script that was earlier than Wu Qixun, such as Jiangxueyuan Gufang Xuanzhu and Xu Mingyi Lei'an should also refer to the Adenophora plant grown in the north.
As for the "Fourleaf Ladybell Root" that appeared in materia medica literature during this period, it was still an Adenophora plant produced by Zhinan Fang, such as Bencao Gangmu Shiyi which listed Fourleaf Ladybell separately. Root article, the main text says: "The function is the same as coastal glehnia root, but the power is slightly inferior." There is a note after that: "Like Fourleaf Ladybell Root, there are many misuses. Fourleaf Ladybell Root is produced in Zhejiang, and it is like a radish when fresh. , the native people peel and cook, like cooked common yam rhizome, dried like Snakegourd Root without powdery, the real name is coastal glehnia root, gongzhuan dispersing poison and reducing swelling expelling pus, not Fourleaf Ladybell Root. Its Fourleaf Ladybell Root shape For example, platycodon root is hollow and pine, with a light and slightly sweet taste. platycodon root is pungent, while Fourleaf Ladybell Root is not pungent. The one produced in Bomen is the best, and its common name is male platycodon root." After carefully understanding this paragraph, we know that "coastal glehnia" root" was also called "Fourleaf Ladybell Root". Its original plant is medicinal changium root Changium smyrnioides Wolff of the Apiaceae family. However, the "Fourleaf Ladybell Root" recognized by Zhao Xue-min is still a plant of the platycodon root family Adenophora. .
Obviously, the classification of coastal glehnia root in the south is not exactly the same as the medicinal situation today. According to Cao Bingzhang's "Updated Weiyao Tiaobian" of the Republic of China, "coastal glehnia root, Rizhao County, Shandong Province" , Gudun County, Laiyang County, and Hainan County all come out. The ones from Hainan are thin and firm, with smooth white skin, fresh and moist, which is the best. The ones from Laiyang are slightly looser in texture, slightly rough, white and yellow, and are also good. Rizhao , so those from the pier have coarse pine strips and rough and yellow skin. The ones from Guandong have coarse pine texture and hard skin, and the dull yellow ones have the second highest quality. Others from Taiwan, Fujian and Huguang have the worst ones with thick pine and rough skin and are not used for medicinal purposes. ." In the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), the "Medicinal Materials Regulations" of the Shaanxi Xijing City (Xi'an City) Chinese Medicine Trade Association stated in the coastal glehnia root article "Details of the coastal glehnia root article", and the coastal glehnia root article noted: "Produced in the northern sandy land." This means taking coastal glehnia root directly as a prescription for coastal glehnia root. In addition, the medicine graphic printed on the inner ticket of the "Liao coastal glehnia root" Chinese materia medica, also from the Republic of China, can vaguely be seen that this so-called "coastal glehnia root" is the Umbelliferae coral Glehnia littoralis used today. (Figure 3) However, based on the existing literature, it is indeed difficult to answer the question of what caused the coastal glehnia root of Adenophora, which was originally native to the north, to give way to the southern provinces from the mid-Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty. It was named "Fourleaf Ladybell Root". The coastal glehnia root produced in the North was actually replaced by Glehnia littoralis and was called "coastal glehnia root".
Mr. Huang Shengbai and Chen Chongming once proposed a hypothesis in "Material Medica", which can be regarded as an explanation for this question. The coral vegetable Glehnia littoralis was originally a plant planted in Laiyang, Shandong Province to pretend to be ginseng root, so it is called "Laiyang ginseng" because it mainly grows on seaside sandy land, which is exactly in line with Li Shi-zhen's saying that coastal glehnia root "is suitable for sand" With the characteristics of "land", as the production increased, it gradually took the name "coastal glehnia root". In order to distinguish it from the coastal glehnia root of the genus Adenophora, it was called "coastal glehnia root". According to normal thinking, the coastal glehnia root of Adenophora should still retain the name "coastal glehnia root", but this is obviously not the case. For example, in the "Medicinal Materials Regulations" mentioned above, "coastal glehnia root" actually became the "coastal glehnia root" drug. The name prescription was used to deal with it, so the coastal glehnia root had to be renamed "Fourleaf Ladybell Root". After all, Adenophora plants are distributed in the north and south. After being called "Fourleaf Ladybell Root", the south has become the natural area of Adenophora Fourleaf Ladybell Root.
[Authentic History]
Before the Song Dynasty, the variety of coastal glehnia root was difficult to determine, and the place of origin can only be used as a reference. "Fan Zi Ji Ran" said: "When you come out of Luoyang, the white ones are good." Bielu: "The river valley of Heuchi River and the Yuanju Banyang Xushan Mountain." "Wu Pu" is the same, "Xushan Mountain" is called "Dushan Mountain". "Xinxiu" says: "Today, those who leave Huazhou with coastal glehnia root are good," Qianjin Yifang is the same.
Starting from the Song Dynasty, coastal glehnia root mainly comes from plants of the genus Adenophora. According to Su Song: "Now it appears in Zizhou, Qi, Lu, and Suizhou, and it may be found in Jiang, Huai, Jing, and Huzhou counties." The painting of Zizhou. The medicinal map of coastal glehnia root is closest to the genuine Adenophora tetraphylla used today, and Zizhou is now Zichuan, Shandong Province. "Relief from Famine" says that "it is also found near the Taihang Mountains in Huixian County today", and "Picture Research" says: "coastal glehnia root Benjing is of high quality and can be found everywhere, especially in the north and in the Taihang Mountains."
Comprehensive investigation of varieties and authentic history, in terms of maintaining the status quo, it is not inappropriate to conduct Fourleaf Ladybell Root GAP research in the provinces of East and Southwest China. However, in view of the Song Dynasty to the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, Adenophora coastal glehnia root has been produced in the north. The one is superior, and the loss of the advantage of the northern production area does not seem to be the reason for the quality of the medicinal materials. Therefore, out of respect for history, GAP research on this variety can also be conducted in Shandong and Henan. As for coastal glehnia root, it is an emerging variety, and Laizhou, Shandong Province should be the authentic one.