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Today, white atractylodes rhizome refers to the dry rhizome of the Asteraceae plant white atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., atractylodes rhizome refers to the dry rhizome of the Asteraceae plant Atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. or northern atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. Dry rhizomes. white atractylodes rhizome is mainly produced in Pan'an, Xinchang, Shengxian, Dongyang, and Xianju in Zhejiang, Shexian, Huangshan, and Ningguo in Anhui, and Pingjiang and Enshi in Hunan. In addition, it is also cultivated in Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Sichuan and other provinces, with Zhejiang having the largest yield and excellent quality. Among the atractylodes rhizome products, the atractylodes rhizome is mainly produced in Jurong, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Lishui, Yixing, Jiangsu, Xiangyang, Nanzhang, Hubei, Tongbai, Henan and other places, with Jurong, Jiangsu as the authentic place; the northern atractylodes rhizome is mainly produced in Hebei , Shanxi, Shaanxi and other provinces, Liaoning, Jilin, Henan, Shandong are also produced.

Materia medica research believes: Bencao Jing Jizhu divides materia medica into two categories: white atractylodes rhizome and red atractylodes. Among them, red atractylodes should be atractylodes rhizome atractylodes lancea, and is considered to be the best in taking medicine. This variety is still used today as the authentic atractylodes rhizome, and is authentic to those produced in Maoshan, Jiangsu. As for the white atractylodes rhizome mentioned by Tao Hong-jing, since it lasted until the Song Dynasty, the origin of the technique is still confusing, so it cannot be guaranteed that it must be the white atractylodes rhizome used today. According to the description of the morphological origin of Bencao Tujing and the picture of "Shuzhou Shu", it is close to today's white atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes macrocephala. From the Song Dynasty, this type was best produced in Hangzhou, and was named "Yu Shu" . As for the other origin of atractylodes rhizome, the northern atractylodes rhizome, judging from the medicinal pictures, it is close to the "Shangzhou Shu" depicted in "Zheng Lei", and the atractylodes rhizome in Jiuhuang Bencao is definitely of this type.

[Variety Research]

The art has been around since ancient times. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" says: "On the first mountain, there are many kinds of grass." It says: "Shu, Mountain Ji." In "Wu Pu", one name is Shanji and the other is Tiansu. Among them, "Tiansu" is suspected to be a corruption of "tianji", and the so-called "shanji" is also the name of "shanji". Different writing, according to "Historical Records" "The Biography of Jia Yi" quotes "Fu Niao Fu" as saying: "It's so small that there is no reason to doubt it." In this sentence, "葪" is quoted as "簪" in "Hanshu", and "葪" is the vulgar writing of "thistle". , see "Jade Chapter". Obviously, "shu" in early literature is almost always associated with "thistle", so Guo Pu in "Erya" notes: "Today's skills are like thistles and grow in the mountains." According to ancient books, "thistle" generally refers to Cirsium of the Asteraceae family. The genus is Cephalanoplos or Carduus, and its morphology is somewhat different from the Atractylodes genus from which white atractylodes rhizome and atractylodes rhizome are used today. However, there should be no problem in referring to mainly Asteraceae plants.

The technique is regarded as an elixir by Taoist immortals. Bencao Jing said that it "can be used as fried bait, and it can lighten the body and prolong life without hunger after long-term use." "The Biography of Immortals" records Juanzi "Good bait technique, "Eat its essence", "Inner Chapter of Baopuzi" quotes the "Shen Yao Jing": "If you want to live forever, you must always take mountain essence." In "Zhen Gao" edited by Tao Hong-jing, there is a discussion about the art of immortality. There are many records about it. Volume 6 also contains an article about Mrs. Ziwei's medicine, which basically means that the medicinal functions of plants and trees are all deficient skills. They can both eliminate disasters and maintain longevity. They are the best. The text is not cited, but it is enough to see. The Taoist Shangqing sect to which Tao Hong-jing belongs attaches great importance to martial arts. Bencao Jing Jizhu divides atractylodes into two types: red and white. Tao Hong-jing said: "There are two kinds of atractylodes, white atractylodes rhizome. The leaves are large and hairy and are used as rhizome. The roots are sweet and less atractylodes. They can be It is used as pills and powder. The leaves of Chizhu are thin and branchless, and the root is small and bitter but has a lot of paste, which can be used for decoction. In the past, Liu Juan-zi took its essence and made pills, named Shouzhongjin Pills, which can lead to longevity. Dongjingshu is big and It has no strong energy and should not be used. People and sellers in today's market all use rice flour to coat it with white powder, which is unnatural and should be scraped off when used." Judging from Tao's description and the place of origin, Atractylodes atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes lancea should not be used today. question, it is still doubtful whether the so-called white atractylodes rhizome is the Atractylodes macrocephala used today. Instead, it is the large and subtle "Eastern Border Technique" he mentioned, which may be the white atractylodes rhizome produced in Dongyang, Zhejiang. Different from today's white atractylodes rhizome as tonic and atractylodes rhizome draining dampness as turbidity, at that time, Taoist priests seemed to value atractylodes rhizome more. The reasons are as follows:

1. "Zhen Gao" Volume 6 Zi Wei Madam Fu Shu mentioned: "The martial arts Qi will suppress the ghosts and fluids, and the smoke will suppress the evil spirits." She also said: "Moreover, the use of magical Qi is what is needed at this time. There are many diseases in the last days, so it is better to use the Qi to control the ears." "The so-called "exhaling smoke suppresses evil spirits" and emphasizes the "magic energy". This should refer to the air disinfection effect of atractylodes rhizome fumigation that has been confirmed by modern research.
2. As Tao said, Chi Shu is suitable for decoction because it contains a lot of ointment. Tao Hong-jing once presented Yu Jianwu with decoction and steaming. According to his "Reply to Tao Yin-ju Lai Shu Jian Qi": " The taste is heavy with gold syrup, and the fragrance is more than that of Yuye (EX-HN13). It is enough to make the zhi shameless and bright, and the elixir is ashamed of the hibiscus.
3. Maoshan is the main producing area of ​​atractylodes rhizome. According to Tao's note in Volume 11 of "Zhen Gao": "The mountain (Jijinling of Maoshan) produces good skills and miscellaneous medicines." According to Yu Jianwu's "Answer to Tao Yin- "Ju Lai Shu Jian Qi" says: "The green leaves are drawn into strips, growing on the side of the first peak, and the purple flowers are in color, coming from under Zheng Yan." This shows that the raw materials of Tao Hong-jing's Shu Jian and Shu Steaming are all from Maoshan. It is undoubtedly atractylodes rhizome.

Although the names white atractylodes rhizome, atractylodes rhizome, and chishu are occasionally found in the medical prescriptions of the Tang Dynasty and those before the Tang Dynasty, we do not rule out the possibility that later generations may have added them, and the names white atractylodes rhizome and atractylodes rhizome were officially divided into The two medicines began in the Song Dynasty. Song Lin Dang's "New School Beiji Qianjin Yaofang" specifically mentioned the issue of technique: "Another example is white atractylodes rhizome. Ancient books only talk about techniques. Modern doctors only talk about techniques. The technique is called atractylodes rhizome, and now it is written in white, so that you can use it without confusion." This shows three things:

1. Sun Si-miao Qianjin Fang There is no distinction between Cang and Qianjin Fang in the use of technique. Bai;
2. In the Song Dynasty, some doctors were still influenced by Tao Hong-jing and regarded atractylodes rhizome as the authentic method. For example, "three categories of disease cause Jiyi Disease Prescription" has Chishu Pills (Puji Fang Make Chishu Powder, which is called Wei's prescription).
3. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to white atractylodes rhizome. This can even be proved in the Taoist book "Yunji Qizhu" Zhongdu (LR6). In this book, white atractylodes rhizome is used in 12 prescriptions, and it is regarded as a tonic to the gods, such as the old Jun Yi Shou Powder does not mention atractylodes rhizome. The only place where it is used is in Volume 71 of Killing Ghost Pills, named Bai Chi Shu.

Atractylodes rhizome in Song Dynasty is the so-called Chishu of Tao Hong-jing, the variety has not changed, Still using Atractylodes lancea as the authentic product, Su Song said: "The seedlings grow in spring and are green and branchless. They are called mountain thistles because their leaves are like thistles. The stems are in the shape of mugwort, green and red, and are three to two feet long. They bloom in summer and are purple and green. The color is also like thistle flowers, or those with yellow and white flowers. They will form seeds after falling down, and the seedlings will wither in autumn. The root is like ginger with thin roots on the side, the skin is black, the heart is yellow and white, and there is an ointment in the middle, which is purple." "Zheng. Judging from the origin and medicinal map of the "Shangzhou Shu" pictured in "Class" (Figure 1), it is suspected to be Atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes chinensis.

As for the white atractylodes rhizome used in the Song Dynasty, the origin is still complicated. Su Song said: "Today's white atractylodes rhizome grows on the high hills of Hangzhou, Yue, Shu, and Xuanzhou. The leaves are facing each other, with hairs on them, square stems, and stem ends. Flowers, lavender and green in several colors, with roots growing as thorns. Collect the roots in February, March, August and September, and expose them to dryness. The ones with large purple flowers are the best, also known as Kiliga." Pictured in "Zheng Lei" "Shuzhou Shu" is close to today's white atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes macrocephala, (Figure 2). In addition, although "Yuezhou Shu" and "Qizhou Shu" do not depict flowers, they can be reluctantly considered to be white atractylodes rhizome, but "Jingmen Junshu" ”, “Shizhoushu” is obviously not a plant belonging to the genus Atractylodes. As for “Shezhoushu”, the medicine picture is simple and cannot be judged. Talking about the confusion of white atractylodes rhizome varieties, it must involve the issue of "Kiliga" mentioned by Su Song. "Kiliga" can be found in Ji Han's "Southern Grass and Trees" volume: "The medicine is Kilijia, which is also a technique. It is produced near the sea. One stick weighs several kilograms. Liu Juan-zi takes it and makes it decoction. Pills, bait for longevity." Kiliga is also called "Chiliga", as seen in "Rihuazi", and has always been considered as another name for the technique. "Guangji Fang" cited in Volume 31 of "Waitai" has Chiliga pills, Furen Daquan Liangfang Volume 5 contains Kilika Powder. The begging (eating) grains in the recipe are all considered to be white atractylodes rhizome. However, Ji Han said that Kilika powder "can weigh up to several kilograms in one stick." ”, I’m afraid it’s not a member of the Asteraceae family.

From the above discussion, it can be seen that since Tao Hong-jing, atractylodes rhizome (Chishu) has been mainly produced in Maoshan, so the variety has not changed much. The "Shangzhou Shu" painted in "Zhenglei" may of course be the current one. Northern atractylodes rhizome, but whether it is used as atractylodes rhizome or white atractylodes rhizome is unknown. By the Ming Dynasty, this kind of northern atractylodes rhizome Atractylodes chinensis officially became one of the sources of atractylodes rhizome, which is proved by the pictures and texts of Jiuhuang Bencao atractylodes rhizome: "The seedlings are light green, two or three feet high, The stems are made of artemisia, and the leaves grow from the stems. The leaves are slightly like tang leaves, and the lower leaves have three or five forks, all with small serrated thorns. The flowers are purple-green, also like thistle flowers, or there are yellow and white flowers, and the roots are as long as It refers to large and plump tea leaves with black skin and brown skin." "Relief from Famine" specifically mentioned that atractylodes rhizome has leaves growing on stems. According to the medicinal diagram (Figure 3), the leaves are narrowly oval and pinnately five-lobed. It is indeed Atractylodes. chinensis rather than Atractylodes lancea.

In the Ming Dynasty, the varieties of white atractylodes rhizome were also unified as Atractylodes macrocephala. Not only that, Bencao Gangmu also specifically mentioned the cultivation of white atractylodes rhizome. Li Shi-zhen said: "white atractylodes rhizome, thistle Yes, it exists in Wu and Yue. People often take the roots and plant them, and they will thicken in a year. The young seedlings can be eaten, the leaves are slightly larger and hairy, the roots are as big as a finger, and they are shaped like a drumstick, and some are as big as a fist."

It is basically certain that the varieties of white atractylodes rhizome and atractylodes rhizome have been basically stable since the Ming Dynasty, and there is no longer any confusion. It should be noted that the classification of atractylodes rhizome and white atractylodes rhizome in "Pinhui Essence" is basically based on books such as Bencao Yanyi Tangye Bencao. There is no major invention, but Therefore, the illustrations in the book mainly follow "Zheng Lei". Liu Wen-tai then divided the seven pictures of medicine and medicine in "Zheng Lei" into two categories, labeling Shuzhou and Yuezhou medicine as white atractylodes rhizome, and labeling the original picture of Shuzhou medicine as "white atractylodes rhizome". The flower head was redrawn to be close to racemose, which looks nondescript, and the remaining five types of techniques, namely Jingmenjun, Shezhou, Shizhou, Qizhou, and Shangzhou, were labeled atractylodes rhizome, which easily led to the impression that the atractylodes rhizome varieties at that time were confusing. .

[Evolution of Daodi]

Bencao Jing Jizhu In the past, there was no distinction between blue and white in the art. The scriptures said: "It was born in the valley of Zhengshan Mountain, Hanzhong and Nanzheng." "Fan Zi Ji Ran" " said: "There are three auxiliary skills, and the yellow and white ones are good." "Southern Vegetation Shape" said that Kiliga "is produced near the sea." Because the variety is unknown, it has no reference value.

There is no doubt that the atractylodes rhizome used today is produced in Maoshan, Jiangsu, which has the longest history and the best quality. The quote from "Zhen Gao" is quoted above. Tao Hong-jing said: "It is found everywhere today, especially in Jiangshan (now Jiangsu). The one who wins is the Purple Mountain in Nanjing), Baishan (30 miles east of today's Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province, connected to Jiangshan Mountain), and Maoshan Mountain (in today's Jurong County, Jiangsu Province)." Volume 19 of "Maoshan Chronicles" of the Yuan Dynasty mentions the technique of Maoshan , Volume 7 of "Jinling Xinzhi" of the Yuan Dynasty mentions "Maoshan atractylodes rhizome Erbojin" as a tribute. It has been recorded continuously since then. It is an authentic variety worthy of development and maintenance.

As for the northern atractylodes rhizome, Bencao Tujing mentioned that "the ones from Songshan and Maoshan are better." The Songshan Mountain may be the northern atractylodes rhizome, but it is not certain. "Zhenglei" painted " Although "Shangzhou (today's Shang County, Shaanxi Province)" is similar to the northern atractylodes rhizome, it is not certain whether it was used as atractylodes rhizome at that time. The earliest record of the northern atractylodes rhizome that can be clearly recorded is in "Jiu Huang", and Henan is its main production area.

"Illustrated Book" states that the origin of white atractylodes rhizome is close to the varieties used today, mainly in Zhejiang and Anhui, Su Song It says: "Today white atractylodes rhizome was born in Gaogang in Hangzhou (now Yuhang, Zhejiang), Yue (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), Shu (now Qianshan, Anhui), and Xuan (now Xuancheng, Anhui)."

According to Zhejiang output There are many records of white atractylodes rhizome in the local chronicles of the Song Dynasty. Volume 36 of "Jiading Chicheng Chronicle" says: "Shu, the white ones have large and hairy leaves, sweet and less cream, while the red ones are the opposite. Guanxiu's poem: Black soil produces red atractylodes, It refers to the rooftop. Du Guangting's poem on Kongmingdong: "Zhi Shu is fragrant and fragrant in the wind, which refers to Huangyan." Volume 2 of "Qiandao Lin'an Chronicle" contains white atractylodes rhizome, and "Kuiji Chronicle" Volume 9 has many solomonseal rhizome and white atractylodes rhizome in Shigushan. , "Hai Yan Kang Shui Zhi" Volume 6 medicines include white atractylodes rhizome. The white atractylodes rhizome of Zhejiang Yuqian (now part of Lin'an County, Hangzhou City), which is considered the most authentic today, is found in Volume 58 of "Xianchun Lin'an Chronicle". Later, "Pinhui Jingyao" white atractylodes rhizome authentic Xiang said "Hangzhou Yuqian" "Qian Jia", Wanli's "Hangzhou Prefecture Chronicles" also said: "White atractylodes rhizome is good in Qian, and it is called art." Medical scientists in the Republic of China all believed that wild ones were better than domestic ones. For example, Bencao Mengquan said: "Zheshu, commonly known as Yun Tou Shu, is planted in Pyongyang. It is quite fat and is irrigated by excrement. She Shu is a popular method. Hugotou Shu is produced in deep valleys. Although it is small and small, it is full of earthy spirit." Gangmu Supplements" said in the Shu article: "That is to say, the wild skills are produced in the latent ones. After leaving the county, the ones in Heshan are the first. Today, It's rare." It also quoted Mao Yiyun: "Those who grow in Huizhou all cultivate Shu, commonly known as Dung Shu. Those with strong dung power are fertilized and fat without crane necks. The wild ones are called Tiansheng Shu, which are small in shape and have a very long crane neck. The cinnabar point is especially good for those with beards on the technique, so as to obtain a thick earthy atmosphere. The technique is also wild, coming from the latent soil, and it is produced on the soil of dragon veins in the county. The inner point is really like cinnabar, scarlet like spilled blood, crane neck meat reed, dry It has a delicate fragrance. Produced elsewhere, it may be pure white with no spots, or there may be yellow spots, and it is always deficient. Those produced on the dragon vein are commercial products." "Updated Weiyao Tiaobian mentioned: "There are also winter transplants. Yu Qian, named Zhongshu, has very large pellets, weighing more than ten taels in the larger ones and five or six liang in the smaller ones. The skin is yellow and the flesh is white, without halo. There are also cinnabar spots. The taste is sweet and spicy. Recently, the person who made it in the store made it here. It’s not very good either.” It seems that white atractylodes rhizome is produced in Yuqian, Zhejiang, but the quality evaluation between wild and domestic species still needs to be further investigated.