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The tendrilleaf fritillary bulb used today is the dried bulb of tendrilleaf fritillary bulb Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don of the Lily Bulb family, dark purple fritillary Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia, Gansu fritillary Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. or Fritillaria fritillary Fritillaria delavayi Franch., the first three. According to different characteristics, they are commonly called "pine shell" and "green shell" respectively, and the latter is commonly called "furnace shell". Lubei shells are mainly produced in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Yunnan, with a large output. Because Sichuan products are mostly concentrated in Dajianlu, Kangding County, they are named Lubei; pine shells are mainly produced in Songpan and Malkang in northern Sichuan; green clams are mainly produced in In Yushu, Qinghai, Deqin, Yunnan, Muchiehe and Xukong, Xinjiang, western Sichuan and Minxian County, Gansu, etc. The thunberg fritillary bulb used today is the dried bulb of thunberg fritillary bulb Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. of the Lily Bulb family. It is mainly produced in Yinxian, Dongyang, Pan'an, Yuqian, Ningbo, Zhejiang, and Banqiao, Hubei. It is also produced in Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces. The thunberg fritillary bulb is the most famous one produced in the Xiangshan area of ​​Zhejiang Province, so it is also called elephant shell. Paniculate Bolbostemma is used today as the dried tuber of the bottle gourd peel plant Paniculate Bolbostemma Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim.) Franquet, which is mainly distributed in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Yunnan and other places.

Materia medica Research believes that: The fritillary in Bencao Jing is probably bottle gourd peel Bolbostemma paniculatum. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, plants of the lily bulb family gradually began to be used. The "Xiazhou" painting in "Zheng Lei" "Fritillary" can basically be identified as a plant belonging to the genus Fritillaria of the Lily Bulb family, but it should not be of the tendrilleaf fritillary bulb or thunberg fritillary bulb varieties used today. The genuine Sichuan and thunberg fritillary bulbs used today can only be traced back to the Ming Dynasty in their medicinal history.

【Variety Research】

《Poetry﹒阘风﹒ "Zhi Bi Aqiu" said in "Zhibi Aqiu", Mao Zhuan said: "豔, fritillary", and also said: "Those who pick the grasshoppers will cure their diseases." "Erya" said "蔔, fritillary". "The same as "Shuowen". "Guang Ya" "Fritillary, the real medicine." "Father" and "Mother" can be used interchangeably. For example, the "mother's finger" of a limb is also called "father's finger", then "fritillary" and "Fritillary" are one. things. Fritillary is named after the characteristics of the roots. "贝" describes its small roots like shells. However, there are two opinions on the morphological characteristics of its above-ground parts in ancient times. Lu Ji's "Mao Shi, Plants, Trees, Birds, Beasts, Insects, and Fish" says: "Fritillary" , today's medicinal herb is fritillary. Its leaves are as small as a clam tower, and its seeds under the root are like taro seeds, which are white, connected in all directions, and decomposed." According to Lu's description, this plant should be of the bottle gourd peel family. Paniculate Bolbostemma Bolbostemma paniculatum. Guo Pu's annotation to "Erya" says: "The roots are round like small shells and have white flowers, and the leaves are like leek." This description is close to the plants of the lily bulb family.

Bencao Jing What kind of plant is the fritillary? Since there is no morphological description, we can only make rough guesses. From the perspective of efficacy, Bencao Jing said that fritillary "mainly treats cold damage diseases such as irritability, stranguria, pathogenic qi, hernia, pharyngitis, breast difficulty, gold wounds, and wind convulsion." Its effect is quite relevant today. bottle gourd peel, family Paniculate Bolbostemma, "dispersing knots, reducing swelling, removing toxin", it is particularly noteworthy, Bencao Jing did not mention anything about Fritillaria, genus fritillary, cough relieving, dispelling phlegm, not only that, general inspection Other prescription books of the Han Dynasty, such as the Fuyang Wanwu Han Bamboo slips, say: "fritillary is already Hanre", Wuwei Handai Yijian is used to treat congestion, and Shanghan Zabing Lun The two prescriptions use fritillary, namely the White Powder prescription to treat cold thoracic accumulation, and the Chinese Angelica fritillary Lightyellow Sophora Root pill to treat pregnancy and difficulty in urination. The use of fritillary is both combined with Bencao Jing, not to mention. It has the effect of relieving cough and dispelling phlegm. Bencao Jing said fritillary "was born in Jin", not far from Guyuan (now Xinxiang, Henan), Bolbostemma paniculatum is distributed in both Henan and Shanxi. The evidence is not yet sufficient whether the word fritillary in Bencao Jing must be Paniculate Bolbostemma as Lu Ji's poem says, but there is no doubt that it is not a plant of the genus Fritillaria in use today.

Bielu said that fritillary means "cough abnormal rising of qi". Tao Hong-jing said: "This is a shortcut, it looks like a bunch of shells, so it is called fritillary. If you break the grain, you will not be hungry." "New Revised" says: "The leaves are like garlic. It is good to pick garlic when it is ripe in April. If the seedlings wither in October, the roots will not be good." Although these views are gradually approaching the Lily Bulb family, it was not until the Song Dynasty that the origin of fritillary was actually There is no real unity either.

There are three pictures of fritillary medicine in "Zheng Class", among which the place of origin is not mentioned. fritillary The picture is actually Bolbostemma paniculatum, (Picture 1) This may imply that Bencao Jing fritillary species, Yuezhou fritillary is unknown, Xiazhou fritillary. Judging from the picture, (Picture 2) seems to be the genus Fritillaria The plant, according to its origin in Xiazhou (now Yichang, Hubei Province), may be hupeh fritillary bulb Fritillaria hupehensis Hsiao et K.C.Hsia, but the description of the fritillary plant in "Illustrations" is still confusing. Su Song said: "fritillary seedlings born in February , the stems are thin and green, and the leaves are also green, like buckwheat. The leaves emerge with the seedlings. They bloom in July, green and shaped like drum flowers. The roots are collected in August and dried in the sun." Today, people have classified it as lily bulb, family buckwheat, and large leaves. lily bulb Cardiocrinum cathayanum (Wils.) Stearn. or Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino, whether this is the case remains to be studied.

"Pinhui Essence", Bencao Mengquan, Bencao Gangmu have no inventions in fritillary, Zhang Jing-yue Bencao Zheng Fritillary is divided into two types: fritillary and Paniculate Bolbostemma. What Paniculate Bolbostemma is cannot be determined, but this article goes like this: "It has both thick nature and flavor, which is several times more powerful than tendrilleaf fritillary bulb." Jingyue Quanshu's Volume 15 "Medicines for Purging Fire" also lists the name tendrilleaf fritillary bulb. Bencao Huiyan says that "Sichuan medicine has a light taste and good properties". Bencao Chongyuan said: "Fritillary produced in Sichuan has a sweet and bland taste, while those produced in the local area have a bitter and pungent taste." He also said, "The root resembles the lung, white in color and pungent in taste. It was born in Xichuan and is a moistening and tonifying medicine for the lung metal." It is known that fritillary is a medicine for lung gold. Chongchuan production began in the Ming Dynasty.

Starting from the late stage [third stage] of the Ming Dynasty, in addition to continuing to recognize tendrilleaf fritillary bulb, fritillary from Zhejiang was gradually mentioned. According to the literature, Bencao Huiyan seems to be the earliest. Ni Zumo said: "fritillary It grows in central Sichuan and Jin... It is also found in Jinhua and Xiangshan, Zhejiang, but it tastes bitter and can only be used in breaking blood stasis removing toxin medicine." This book is also accompanied by pictures of tendrilleaf fritillary bulb, southern fritillary, and western fritillary medicinal materials. , (Figure 3) Judging from the shape of the medicinal material, the tendrilleaf fritillary bulb painted should be a type of pine shell or furnace shell. The southern fritillary bulb may be Fritillaria thunbergii based on its origin. As for the western bulb, it may be Gangmu Supplements" said, "The one that came out of Shaanxi was named Xibei, also known as Dabei." Weiyao Tiaobian said: "There is another fake product named Xibei, which cannot moisten dryness and resolving phlegm. It’s more antagonism.” This kind of sea clam is probably Lily bulb Huolirion Montana (Dammer) Wanget Tang and the like.

In the beginning, the difference in the origin of fritillary between Sichuan and Zhejiang only represented the quality of the inherent quality. For example, "Materia Medica Hui Jian" says: "According to various records, there are many origins of fritillary, but Sichuan is the decisive one. Today, many people still prefer tendrilleaf fritillary bulb. It is different." Xiangshan fritillary, as big as longan, has not been seen in other roots, and the taste is bitter and thick, without the clear and gentle Qi produced in Sichuan, but it is also effective when used, and it is more suitable for ulcers." Benjing Fengyuan said: " Those from Sichuan have the best taste, those from the West have a thinner taste, followed by those from Shanxi, which are slightly bitter, and the ones from Sichuan that are big and bitter can only remove toxin." Depei Bencao says: "Sichuan Zhong. The ones from Pingfan are sweet in taste and the ones like mountains are bitter in taste." Later materia medica doctors gradually noticed the differences in the functions of several fritillaries. For example, Bencao Congxin said: "The ones from Sichuan are the best. Round and flat bottom, open petals and sweet taste. Fritillary like mountain, hard in body and bitter in taste, feeling wind phlegm when gone. Paniculate Bolbostemma, large in shape and bitter in taste, treated with phlegm toxin in surgical syndrome." Bencao Qiuzhen Yun : "The big one is Paniculate Bolbostemma, Great Cold (24th solar term), (original note: such as Zhejiang fritillary, etc.) has the most clearing effect. The small one is tendrilleaf fritillary bulb, which tastes sweet and slightly cold, and is more moisturizing than clearing. It must be distinguished. Those born in Sichuan with opened valves are good." In the materia medica book, Paniculate Bolbostemma is listed separately, which has been seen in Bencao Zheng, but the name is unknown, Depei Bencao There is also an article about Paniculate Bolbostemma, but the wording is still vague. In Gangmu Supplements, Zhejiang Bei is listed separately. In the appendix Paniculate Bolbostemma, Zhebei Bei is also known as Tubei. Zhao Xue-min quotes "Baicao Mirror" as saying: "The Fritillary from Xiangshan in Zhejiang Province is commonly known as Fritillary. The skin is rough and slightly bitter, and it is single without petals. The top is round and the center is slanted. For medicinal purposes, the round, white and small ones are better." Ye Anzhai also quoted Ye Anzhai as saying: "The Fritillary from Xiangshan in Ningbo is also It is divided into two petals, tastes bitter but not sweet, and its top is flat but not pointed, and cannot be like a lotus stamen like the Sichuan clam." This kind of elephant clam is undoubtedly Fritillaria thunbergii, and the characteristic "lotus stamen" of the Sichuan clam is mentioned here. Just like how people today describe the Sichuan clam medicinal material as "holding the moon in one's arms", it refers to the crescent-shaped part of the small bulbs that are tightly wrapped in the large scales. From this point of view, the variety sources of Sichuan clam and Zhejiang clam were basically stable in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

But the discussion about "Paniculate Bolbostemma" in Gangmu Supplements is ambiguous. Zhao Yun said: "Paniculate Bolbostemma is a big shell." "Baicao Mirror" says: The shell is as big as money and has a single petal. It is very different from Sichuan. It is produced everywhere. Some come from Anshan in Liu'an, Anhui, some come from Zhangzhu in Yixing in the south of the Yangtze River, some come from Sunjiafu in Ningguofu, and only Zhangcun and Xiangshan in Yin County, Ningbo, Zhejiang. Yes. When used as medicine, choose white, large and dry skin, and those with fine skin are good." It also says: "According to fritillary, there are sweet and bitter points, and the difference between Sichuan and Xiang. "Baicaojing" says: The one who comes out of Sichuan is called Chuanbei, and the one who comes out of Xiangshan is named Xiang. Shells, the largest ones are called local shells. The ones produced in Sichuan are sweet in taste, with a slight bitterness in some cases, but they are not as bitter as those produced in other countries. When used as medicine, they can tonify qi phlegm phlegm without being cold, and are suitable for people with weak constitutions. Like shellfish It is bitter and cold, can turn into hard phlegm, and its properties can be known to be beneficial. If the earthen shell is used to purify pus, relieve carbuncle poison, it is dry but not moist in nature. The elephant shells are all small, but the earthen shell is the only one that is big. It is also different from those produced in Sichuan, Gangmu does not distinguish between functions, or such ears did not exist at that time." Paniculate Bolbostemma mentioned by Zhao Xue-min probably still refers to plants of the genus Fritillaria. As for Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao Vol. 7 Quoting Song Zhang Zai's poem about fritillary: "There are hundreds of fritillary vines in front of the steps, and the twin trees are entwined in the leaves. I am so strong that I waste my time, but I want to be humble and alert." This kind of creeping fritillary is called bottle gourd peel. Paniculate Bolbostemma Bolbostemma paniculatum.

【Authentic History】

As discussed in the variety section, medicinal lily bulbs in the family Fritillaria, genus fritillary, can be divided into tendrilleaf fritillary bulbs and thunberg fritillary bulbs. In the late stage [third stage] of the Ming Dynasty, those from Sichuan began to be regarded as Excellent, the name tendrilleaf fritillary bulb was officially proposed. According to the "Sichuan General Chronicles" in the seventh year of Emperor Yongzheng's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Chuanbei came out of Litang, Qingchuan, Long'an Prefecture, and Songpanwei, and said: "(Songpanwei) Pingfan comes out of Nardostachys Root. The one without residue is better, and the other places are deficient." Its place of origin. It is consistent with today's pine shells and furnace shells. Gangmu Supplements" quoted "Baicaojing" as saying: "Recalling that in the spring of Gengzi, a friend returned from Sichuan and gave a fritillary, as big as a coin, with fine white skin and yellow spots, and a sweet taste. It is said that this kind of food comes from "Long'an is the rarest among Sichuan clams." According to its description, it is a tiger clam with tiger skin stripes among the furnace clams, and its original plant is mainly Fritillaria delavayi.

Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been records of fritillary production in counties in the south of the Yangtze River. "Xinxiu" says: "The best ones come from Runzhou, Jingzhou, and Xiangzhou, and they are also found in the states in the south of the Yangtze River." Carefully study the documents of the Tang and Song Dynasties. At that time, Fritillary production areas should be mainly Jingxiang, such as Qianjin Yifang ﹒ Xiangzhou is mentioned in "The Medicine Comes Out of the State", "New Book of Tang Dynasty" "Geographical Records" mentions Fritillary in Tugong, Jiangling County, Jiangling Prefecture. "Taiping Huanyu Ji" records that Fritillary came out of Yingzhou and Jingzhou. All the above places are in Hubei. This should be the origin of Fritillary in Xiazhou (now Yichang, Hubei) in "Zhenglei" . Some documents refer to Xiazhou fritillary as Fritillaria thunbergii, and the place of origin is obviously inconsistent. Moreover, Xiangshan (Ningbo), Zhejiang Province, the authentic place of origin of thunberg fritillary bulb in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, is still preserved in the "Baoqing Siming Chronicles" of the Southern Song Dynasty. There is no record of the production of fritillary in the chronicle. Not only that, as mentioned above, the fritillary in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) depicted in "Zheng Lei" cannot even be determined to be a plant of the genus Fritillaria. Therefore, regardless of whether Sichuan or Zhejiang clams, their medicinal history can only be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. Even if there are records before, they may not be consistent with the varieties used today.