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Li Shi-zhen (1518~1593), courtesy name Dongbi, in his later years, he was born in Binghushan, a native of Qizhou (now Qichun County, Hubei Province), and was born in the world of medicine. Home. My grandfather is a bell doctor. Father Li Yanwen, named Ziyu, nicknamed Yuechi, a famous local doctor, once granted the title of Taiyiyuan official, and author of four examinations invention, eight extra meridians examination, Qi Ai Zhuan, Ginseng biography, smallpox syndrome treatment etc. My brother’s name is Guozhen. Li was a scholar at the age of 14. He failed in the Wuchang Provincial Examination three times, so he devoted himself to medicine.

Li was very knowledgeable. After failing the provincial examination, he learned Confucian classics from the Neo-Confucian scholar Gu Riyan. He has read the classics and hundreds of schools of thought, and has a deep knowledge of Neo-Confucianism. Li inherited his family's education, read medical books, taught students, and treated the poor, most of which were of no value. In 1548, the son of Zhu Hou, the king of cured Fu Gu, was employed as a minister in the palace of the King of Chu, in charge of the good medical clinic, and was recommended as the judge of Taiyiyuan.

In 1552, Li began to collect materials to prepare for the compilation of Bencao Gangmu. Li compiled Bencao Gangmu, based on Tang Shen-wei Zhenglei Bencao of the Song Dynasty, and collected all the works of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The essence of materia medica from home is borrowed from the shortcomings of various medicines from Yijin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, inheriting the tradition of materia medica research in our country, and creating a unique way to push material medica to a new peak.

Li’s academic thoughts and research methods are very distinctive and have reached a new level. Under new historical conditions, based on his own practical experience, he improved ancient scientific methods and accumulated new experience in scientific research. Li successfully used the methods of observation and experiment, comparison and classification, analysis and synthesis, critical inheritance and historical research.

Observation and experimentation are the basic methods of materia medica research. Li Shi-zhen The method of personal collection and careful observation to obtain the true meaning of medicine has achieved great success. Classification is an important task in scientific research. The key to systematic classification of guiding medicinal substances is how to establish classification standards. Li Shi-zhen broke the long-standing three-category classification of upper, middle and lower in material medica and established a three-sphere and sixteen-part classification, making the classification system more scientific.

In addition to the Three Realms and Sixteen Parts Classification, he also established a more complete classification of main drugs for all diseases based on the Tao Hong-jing classification of main drugs, and created the drug meridian tropism classification. Law.

Li Shi-zhen In order to clarify each medicine, eight tasks are proposed: name explanation, interpretation, doubt identification, correctness and error, processing of materia medica, smell, indications, invention, and supplementary prescriptions. Not every medicine has these eight items, some may have five or six items. In fact, each medicine is systematically analyzed and comprehensively synthesized, and based on the analysis, it is also highly summarized and synthesized.

Critical inheritance and investigation research are important methods in the research of Li Shi-zhen. When he studies each medicine, he always refers to the materia medica of various schools first, evaluates the similarities and differences of each school, and uses his own observation of the test results to provide reference: Bencao Jing only contains the name of wolfberry, but does not specify the medicinal uses. Part; Mingyi Bielu points out that the roots are Great Cold (24th solar term) and the seeds are slightly cold; medicinal property theory states that the sweetness, seeds and leaves of wolfberry are all the same, Bencao Yanyi said that wolfberry is the bark of the stem, and Li Shi-zhen said: "It is said that wolfberry: seedlings and leaves are bitter-sweet and cool; roots are light-flavored and cold; seeds are bitter-flavored. The sweetness is flat and the smell is unique, so the function is different." Li has conducted research, and on the basis of critical inheritance, he has innovated and brought forth new ideas, "exploiting things that no one has gone before". This spirit runs through all his research activities.

Li practiced it personally, learned extensively from the working people, and paid attention to investigation and research, which was another important research method for him. There are many opinions on the medicine of Pu, some say it is like Physalis, some say it is Xanthium fungi, and some say it is Disong; Li, after extensive consultation and careful examination of various herbs, concluded that Pu is Lard. Mother's opinion was confirmed when he returned from the capital and saw the driver using Xuanfuhua to treat injuries, so he was sure that it could replenish qi, rejuvenate tendons, and repair strain injuries. A neighbor's child occasionally ate sheep and vomited and recovered due to food accumulation. Therefore, Li first introduced this variety into materia medica. He learned about the function of tiger bone in strengthening the will and spirit from the hunters; he understood that brassica is rape from the vegetable farmers; he learned the method of preventing mining poisoning from the workers. Mountain men, fishermen, farmers, cobblers, and hunters were all his teachers. , which enabled him to benefit greatly from the investigation and research.

Historical research method is a scientific method commonly used by Li. Through literature review, Bencao Gangmu records medical knowledge from India, Dashi, Nanyang, Hu people, Tibetan people, as well as from Sanskrit and Buddhist scriptures. After historical research, it is pointed out that "according to Benjing, sesame is also called Jusheng. Baopuzi says that Jusheng is called sesame. Jute and Quinoa are falsely called sesame, which is mistakenly called sesame. It's wrong again, we must distinguish it."

Li advocated that man can conquer nature. The results obtained through the above research methods have strengthened his belief that medicinal properties are not fixed, and their natural properties can be modified by artificial methods. Medicinal property: If it sinks, use wine to make it rise; if it floats, use salty and cold medicine to make it sink. Li showed the error of superstitious belief in gods, and criticized taking medicine, the fallacy of ascending. Wearing gold and silver, relying on water, glue, anaconda, Cen Ping, Xin Ping, etc. "It is foolish to die seeking immortality." Living in water and walking on water are heresies; taking medicine means becoming an immortal, "the sin of eating by mistake is universal," and medicine "can cure diseases, but taking medicine cannot."

Li is rigorous in his scholarship. When dealing with unknown things, he often concludes by saying, "Is it true before I have examined it?"

In 1578, Bencao Gangmu was written. In 1580, Li went to Taicang to visit Wang Shizhen for preface. Li can only be published after his death. After the book was published, it was translated into Japanese, Korean, Latin, German, English, French and Russian languages, and became popular all over the world. Joseph Needham said: "The greatest scientific achievement of the Ming Dynasty was Li Shi-zhen's Bencao Gangmu". Binhu Maixue 1 volume, written in 1564. Li emphasized comprehensive analysis of four examinations and opposed pulse diagnosis alone. As for pulse analysis, the 24 pulses are divided into seven superficial, eight-mile, and nine channels. Floating, large, rapid, dynamic, and slippery are classified as yang, while deep, short, astringent, weak, and subtle are classified as yin.

Examination of eight extra meridians, written about 1577, 1 volume. This book examines the literature of the past dynasties, and explains the extra meridian progression and main diseases in detail, with appendices.

Li's clinical syndrome, he highly recommends Zhang Yuan-su, pays attention to disease and syndrome differentiation, strict legislation, and appropriate medication. During treatment, either ancient prescriptions are adapted, new ones are made, or folk prescriptions are used, most of which are effective.

Li proposed that Mingmen (GV4) is between the two kidneys and was exerted by Zhao Xian-ke; he pointed out that "the brain is the house of original spirit" and affirmed that the brain For the function of Zhongshu (GV7) throughout the body. His works include Mingmen (GV4) Examination, Collection of Simple Prescriptions, little multibanded krait biography, Maijue Textual research, etc., have been lost. The book Gangmu was written by both his father Naizi and his disciple Pang Lumen. The second son Jianyuan did the painting and calligraphy. It can be said to be a collective work led by Li Shi-zhen.