[description]

Hua Tuo, whose given name is Fu and whose character is Yuanhua, was born in about the first year of Emperor Yongxi of the Han Dynasty (145 AD) and died in the 13th year of Jian'an (208 AD) of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty. He lived in Qiao County, Peiguo, Yuzhou (today's AD) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. People from Bo County, Anhui Province.

The Hua family was originally a prominent family, and one of its descendants settled in the beautiful Xiaohua Village more than ten miles north of Qiao County. By the time Hua Tuo arrived, the family had declined, but the family had placed great expectations on Hua Tuo. Hua Tuo studied hard since childhood and recited ancient books such as "Book of Songs", "Book of Songs", "Book of Changes", "Book of Rites", "Spring and Autumn" and so on, and gradually acquired high cultural literacy. While Hua Tuo was studying classics and history, he also paid attention to medicine. He was "commonly versed in several classics and knew the art of nourishing one's nature." At that time, Chen Gui, the Prime Minister of Pei State, and Huang Wan, the Taiwei, recommended or recruited him to serve as an official, but he declined politely. .

The era in which Hua Tuo lived was the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the early days of the Three Kingdoms. At that time, the government was not upright, the warlords were in chaos, floods and droughts were widespread, pestilence was prevalent, and the people were in deep suffering. Hua Tuo witnessed the corruption of the officialdom and the suffering of the people, and decided to give up his official career and help the world with medicine.

Hua Tuo practiced medicine without Shichuan. He mainly studied the medical classics of previous generations and continued to study and make progress in practice. Chinese medicine has made brilliant achievements by the Eastern Han Dynasty. Medical classics such as Huangdi Neijing, Huangdi Bashiyinan Jing, and Shennong Bencao Jing have been published one after another. The principle of “four examinations” (inspection, smell, questioning and palpation) and diagnostic and treatment methods such as conduction exercise, acupuncture and moxibustion, and drugs have been basically established and widely used. Hua Tuo created a new theory on the basis of inheriting the academic achievements and summarizing the experience of his predecessors. Among them, ancient doctors such as Bian Que during the Warring States Period, Cang Gong of the Western Han Dynasty, Fu Weng and Cheng Gao of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Zhang Zhongjing of the same period had a great influence on the development of Hua Tuo's medical skills.

In addition to systematically studying ancient medical experience, Hua Tuo also attaches great importance to and applies folk medical experience. After he reached middle age, he "traveled to study in Xu" due to the turmoil in the Central Plains. While collecting herbal medicines everywhere, he also paid attention to learning and absorbing folk medicine knowledge, and used many folk prescriptions he collected for clinical treatment.

Hua Tuo's medical practice throughout his life spanned Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Qingzhou and Yanzhou at that time. According to the research on the place names in his medical records, it is roughly centered on Pengcheng, starting from Ganling (now Linqing, Shandong) and Yandu (now Yancheng, Jiangsu) in the east, to Chaoge (now Qixian, Henan) in the west, and to Guangling in the south. (today's Yangzhou, Jiangsu), southwest to Qiao County (today's Hao County, Anhui), that is, the vast area of ​​today's Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other provinces, covering hundreds of square kilometers. While practicing medicine, Hua Tuo also visited Chaoge, Peiguo, Fengxian (now Fengxian, Jiangsu), Pengcheng Woniushan, Lunan Mountain and Weishan Lake in order to collect medicines. Due to his vast geographical coverage and deep penetration among the people, Hua Tuo has become a medical doctor with many folklores in Chinese history.

Hua Tuo devoted his life to medical practice, and his medical skills reached the level of proficiency. He has mastered the treatment methods such as health maintenance, prescriptions, acupuncture and moxibustion and surgery. He has created many medical miracles in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics. He has unique insights and outstanding achievements in all aspects. Regarding this, Zhongdu (LR6) in "Three Kingdoms" and "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" has a similar comment, saying that he "knows the art of nourishing one's nature. At that time, people thought that he was even a hundred years old." "You have a strong appearance", "There are also refined prescriptions for curing diseases. There are only a few kinds of decoctions that can be combined. The mind is divided into parts. No need to weigh them. Boil them and drink them. Talk about their temperance. If you give them away, they will heal." , it is no more than one or two places, and the needle is inserted and said, "It should lead to something, if it comes, tell the person", the patient says "it has arrived", "the needle should be pulled out, the disease will also go wrong", "open the abdomen and back" , "cutting the abdominal mass" and "intestinal drip washing". Among the medical records left behind, there are 16 in "Three Kingdoms", five in "Hua Tuo Biography", and 5 in other documents, a total of 26, which is the most among doctors in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. Judging from the scope of Hua Tuo's treatment, internal medicine diseases include sexually transmitted diseases, visceral diseases, mental illness, obesity, and parasitic diseases. Diseases belonging to external, pediatric, and gynecological diseases include trauma, intestinal abscess, tumors, fractures, acupuncture errors, and breast taboos. , dead fetus, diarrhea in children, etc. Later generations praised the doctor as "Hua Tuo's reincarnation" and "Yuanhua's rebirth", which shows his far-reaching influence.

Hua Tuo is especially famous for his creation of "Ma Fei San" (clinical anesthetic), laparotomy and physical therapy "Five Animals Play".

Hua Tuo invented "Ma Fei San" in the 2nd century AD for general anesthesia and abdominal surgery. According to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty - Hua Tuo Biography": "If the disease is knotted in the body and cannot be reached by acupuncture, it is necessary to drink Mafei powder with wine first. After being drunk, the abdomen and back are cut open, and the abdominal back is cut. Mass. If it is in the intestines and stomach, cut it off and wash it to remove the disease, and then suture it with vital humor. The wound will heal in four to five days, and it will be back to normal in one month." Hua Tuo was the first in the world to use general anesthesia. People who perform surgeries more than 1,600 years before the invention of anesthesia in the West. Bencao Mengquan written by Chen Jia-mo in the Ming Dynasty quoted a poem from "Illustrated Praise of Famous Doctors in the Past Dynasties" to summarize: "Wei had Hua Tuo, who established a sore department, deboned and cured diseases, and had many magical effects." It can be seen that Hua Tuo, the later Buddha, is truly called the "Master of Surgery" and the "Originator of Surgery". Unfortunately, the Jiu Fu Ma Fei Powder created by Hua Tuo was later lost, which was a great loss in the history of Chinese medicine.

Hua Tuo also actively advocates reasonable labor and physical exercise, believing that life lies in exercise, and exercise can make people healthy and live longer. He often taught his disciples and the people around them: "The human body wants to work, but it should not be used to work. If it is shaken, the grain energy will disappear, the blood vessels will flow, and diseases will not occur. For example, the hinges of the door will be immortal." He is inheriting ancient Qigong. On the basis of conduction exercise, a set of gymnastics, called "Wu Qin Xi", was created by imitating the movement postures of five animals such as tigers, deer, bears, apes, and birds, which can make the head, body, waist, back, limbs and other parts and Joints are moved and stretched. This is the oldest medical gymnastics in China, setting a precedent for medical gymnastics in China and the world. His disciple Wu Pu persisted in practicing "Five Animals" and lived to be more than ninety years old and still had "smart ears and eyes, and perfect teeth"; his disciple Fan A practiced "Five Animals" and "lived to be more than a hundred years old". "Wu Qin Xi" has a profound influence. There is no shortage of people who have practiced according to the law in the past dynasties, and there are still specialized researchers today. Therefore, Hua Tuo and his "Five Animal Opera" occupy a very high position in the history of sports and health science. The "opera" is spread all over the world and is famous in four seas.

In his later years, Hua Tuo was recruited by Cao Cao to Xuchang to treat his recurrent headache. Because Hua Tuo did not want to be Cao Cao's doctor, he excused himself and returned home. He refused to return to Xuchang several times and was eventually killed by Cao Cao.

Before his death, Hua Tuo still did not forget to help the world and save the people. He once took out the medical book "Qing Sang Jing" and handed it to the jailer for collection, saying: "This book can be handed down to the world and save the lives of the people." But "the officials were afraid of the law and dare not accept it." Hua Tuo had no choice but to "set it on fire". Therefore, Hua Tuo's works have never been circulated. The existing book Zhongcang Jing is said to be written by Hua Tuo. Deng Chuzhong, who claimed to be Hua Tuo's nephew, wrote a preface to the book, saying that the book was obtained from the collection of Hua Tuo's dormitory, but after textual research, , not written by Hua Tuo. As for "Hua Tuo's Secret Biography of Miraculous Medicine" and "Hua Tuo's Miraculous Prescriptions", they are both forgeries.

Hua Tuo had many disciples throughout his life, among whom Fan A from Pengcheng, Wu Pu from Guangling and Li Dangzhi from Xi'an were all world-famous. Wu Pu wrote "Wu Pu materia medica", Li Dangzhi wrote "Li Dang's Medicine Record", and Fan Axi wrote "Acupuncture and Moxibustion". These three disciples later became famous doctors.